Theme 3

Question 1

Coevolution and Animal Pollinators

Answer 1

occurs when two or more species interact closely in the same ecological setting

• heritable change in one affects the other
  plants and animals have evolved for pollination

Question 2

What makes the largest identified group

Answer 2

plants

Question 4

Multiple challenges on land

Answer 4

1. desiccation: protection from drying out
2. respiration: structures to breathe
3. reproductive: learn how to become successfull reproducers under desiccating conditions (pollen, ovule, pollen tube)
4. locomotion: movement structures
5. senses: changes in light, sound, and smell

Question 5

75% of land animals:

Answer 5

anthropods

Question 6

Why do we need plants

Answer 6

ecosystem services
oxygen
drugs
food, fiber, timber

Question 7

Order of green plants (bottom to top inverted triangle)

Answer 7

green plants (green algae)
non-vascular (
seedless vascular (
seed (gymno- angio sperms)

Question 8

Traits for [blank] = number 1 adaptation

Answer 8

desiccation

Question 9

Morphological adaptations to dry conditions on land

Answer 9

waxy cuticles (protection from rying out & pathogen attack)

stomata (pores for gas exchange - controlled by special cells called GAURd cells)
- earliest found in non-vascular plants (moss)
- turgid vs. flaccid

vascular system/tissue (cells for transpot of water & structural support/rigidity)
- all cell walls with lignin (secondary cell walls) - effective in resisting gravity
- vessels = angiosperm
- tracheid = xylem

root system (absorption of water)
- evolved from belowground parts of ancient vascular plants
- nonvascular plants (moss) – rhizoids
(fern gametophytes are used for rhizoids

page 17 - know highlighted info

Question 10

Turgid

Answer 10

open

Question 11

Flaccid

Answer 11

open

Question 12

drough

Answer 12

closed

Question 13

What are the order of traits

Answer 13

cuticle - stomata - vascular tissue - roots - trachoids

page 20

Question 14

Reproductive adaptation on dry conditions (land)

plants

Answer 14

for algae, all reprod was water-mediate

1. alternation of generations (gametophyte and sporophyte)
   - embryo was retained and nourished by the parent (kinda like pregnancy in mammals)
   - adaptive strategy to protect the gametes and embryo in a non-aquatic environment

Question 15

Alternation of generations

in terms of reprod. change for dry conditions

Answer 15

plant life cycle alternates between haploid (gameto) and diploid (sporo) gen.

Haploid: n
Gametophyte: makes gametes

diploid: 2n
Sporophyte: goes thru meiosis to make spores instead of gametes; spores under favourable conditions grow into gametophytes

• as plants become evolutionary advanced, gametophytes (n) generation was severely reduced with the sporophyte (2n) gen becoming dominant

Question 16

How is the life cycle for these plants different than animals

Answer 16

one free living diploid individual
- gametes (n) are formed through meiosis
- gametes are not free living

page 23

Question 17

Alternation of generations adaptation - change in cycle

Answer 17

page 24 - bottom half is gone

Question 18

Alternation of generation in the algal ancestor of land plants

Answer 18

• long gametophyte phase
• zygote undergoes meiosis to produce spores
• haploid spores give rise to gametopytes that make haploid gametes through mitosis
• zygote represents only diploid stage

page 25

Question 19

PAGE 26 - HAS dIFF ALTERNATION OF GEN CYCLES FOR ALGAE, MOSS, FERN, CONIFER

Answer 19

legnth of gametophyte gen goes from long to short in that order of evolution

water availability went from high to low
- free living zygote was only in algae
- in true land plants, zygote is attached to female gametopyte

KNOW TRIANGLE GRAPHS FOR WATER AVAIL. ANd LENGTH OF GAMETOPHYTE

Question 20

Graph trend for the following:
1. length of sporophyte
2. relatvie size of gametophyte
3. relative size of sporophyte
4. protection of zygote/embryo*

*remember for sure

Answer 20

1. short to long
2. large to small
3. small to large
4. low to high*

Question 21

Phyla tree on page 28

Question 22

Evolutionary trend from haploid to diploid

Answer 22

8 nuclei -> 7 cells

check slide 29
- diploid got bigger (development of flowers)
- haploid got smaller (development of seeds)

Question 23

What three things are all extremely adapted to dry conditions and wait for favourable growth conditions?

Answer 23

spores, pollen grains, and seeds

Question 24

What did alternation of generation allow?

Answer 24

plants to be more successfull

Question 25

AG adaptions are riven by what?

Answer 25

scarcity of water

Question 26

Plants have evolved to maintain what? as the dominant phase of AG

Answer 26

diploid state