Theme 2: P2 Flashcards
1
Q
An organism’s phenotype is dependant on
A
cell number, type & function
2
Q
Tissue-specific expression in Cannabis sativa
A
cannabinoids mainly accumulate in flowers
- majority of genes encoding cannabinoid & precursor pathway enzymes are most highly transcribe in flower stages
Pathways –> THC accumulations through Hexnoate gene manipulation
3
Q
Car analogy for tissue-specific expression in Cannabis sativa
A
understanding structure, form, & function of an organism is important to understanding underlying mechanisms
biochemists study by taking an organism apart; observing every individual proteln & geneticist mutates it.
a tire missing causes chape to change - hence genes missing causes change in structure/shape
4
Q
Multicellularity allows what?
A
functional specialization ofcells -formation of tissue types an organs that perform speical function
5
Q
Why is classification impotant
A
to unerstan similarity & diversity, morphological characteristics of a group & evolutionary lineages
6
Q
defining characteristics of land plants
A
eukaryotes
almost all photoautotrophs
multicellular
sessile/stationary
cell walls
alternation of generations life cycle
embryo (sporophyte) retained on the gametophyte tissue
7
Q
How do we know if something is a plant not fungi
A
flowers
8
Q
What type of plants can grow in the dark
A
heterotrophic - lacks chlorophyll
9
Q
Plant cells
A
- primary cell wall surrouning plasma membrane & cell contents (cytoplasm & organelles)
some have multiple cell walls - the inside one will be primary; outer one will have compound called LIGNIN that makes it rigid & strong
- cellulose fibres in matrix of hemicellulose (branch form of cellulose)
- rigid but flexible - expand & shrink
10
Q
Plant Cell Wall Structure
A
cellulose
structural protein
hemicellulose
pectin (sugar)
- if you don’t see lignin we know this is primary cell wall
11
Q
all plant cells have _____________________________what?
A
primary cell walls
only some have secondary
12
Q
Hypertonic
A
- plasmolyzed
- water leaves and cell becomes shriveled up
13
Q
Isotonic
A
flaccid
water leaving and entering at the same time
14
Q
Hypotonic
A
turgid
water goes into vacuole
ideal condition
15
Q
Osmosis
A
plants aquire & lose water this way
rigidity comes from Hyraulic Turgor Pressure from the vacuole
16
Q
defining characteristics of land plants
A
- eukaryotes
- almost all photoautotrophs
- multicellular
- cell wall
- sessile or stationary
- alternation of generations
- plants alternate between haploid and diploid in a single life cycle
- embryo retained inside gametophyte tissue
17
Q
How is the life cycle of plants diff from animals
A
one free living diploid individual
gametes (haploid) are formed through meiosis
gametes are not free living
18
Q
Alteration of Generations
PAGE 22
A
meiosis
spores (n)
gemtophyte (n)
gametes (n)
fertilization
zygote
sporophyte (2n)
19
Q
Sporophyte
A
diploid (2n)
multicellular
produces spores (n) through meiosis
20
Q
Spores
A
haploid (n)
unicellular
germinate to produce gametophyte through mitosis
21
Q
Gametophytes
A
haploid n
multicellular gen.
produces haploids through mitosis
22
Q
Embryo
A
diploid 2n
multicellular
23
Q
What improves the chance of survival?
A
amplification
24
Q
How amplification of generations occurs for animals vs. plants
A
page 23
25
Land plant classification is based on the presence of what?
vasculature
seeds
26
Vasculature
circulatory system/network that addresses the plant's water and nutrient seeds
- always remain in turgid state & adjusting themselves
27
Vascular bundles consist of
xylem
phloem
parenchyma cells
fiber cells
28
What are fiber cells
sclerenchyma cells that provide rigid support to the xylem and phloem
29
Xylem & Sclerenchyma have...
have secondary cell walls w/ lignin
30
Strong fibre cells provie [blank] for textile industry
raw materials
remember THC
31
Sclerenchyma
secondary cell wall
fiber
rigid
without vasculate bundle
- rigidity wont be maintaine
32
Prenchyma
no defined formation
can be xylem or phloem
33
Xylem
seondary cell wall
rigid
transports water
strengthened by lignin and provide structural support
34
Phloem transports
sugars & solutes
35
Lignin
- never breaks down;degrades very slowly & slows down fermentation when biomass is used to produce biofuels
- second most abundant polymer after cellulose
- hydrophobic
- aromatic in nature
- co-valently linked with cell wall polysaccharies (hemicellulose) providing rigidity an strength for cell wall
36
What is the greatest advantage of having vasculature?
lignin - gives rigidity to stand tall
- its evolution allows for increase in height
37
38
Stem cells
undifferentized
stem cell zones turn into leaves, branch, or flower depending on env. or situation its expose to
39
diagram on page 30
40
Ancestral green alga phylogeny
page 31: what are the two classifications
| land plants
1. vascular or no vascular
2. seed or seedless
41
What are the phyla in evolution of land plants phylogeny page 31-33
bryophytes - nonvascular seedless
peterophytes - seedless
gymnosperms - cones
angiosperms - flowers
42
Three main groups of land plants
nonvascular
vascular seedless
vascular seed
43
Nonvascular plants
- lack vascular tissue
- haploid gen is dominant (diploid gen smaller/shorter time)
- bryophytes
44
vascular seedless plants
- have well-developed vascular tissue but no seeds
- diploid gen is dominant
- lycophytes & pterophytes
45
Vascular seed plants
- have well-developed vascular tissue & seeds
- diploid gen is dominant
- switch from non-vascular to vascular (haploid to diploid)
- gymnosperm & angiosperm
46
Pollen
male gametophyte & microscopic
47
Genetic load
new mutations occur in each gen
48
deleterious mutations in haploid vs. diploid
- chromosome dead in haploid
- one chromosme can make up for the other in diploid so it allows favourable mutations to be built up and passed onto next gen
49
Is it more favourable to be in diploid or haploid?
longer mutated choromsomes stay in diploid, more beneficial mutations can be accumulated - allows evolution but has no fitness advantage
50
Bryophytes
non vascular plants
first to appear on land
poikilohydric
lack conducting tissues
small, grow close to ground on wet sites
- mosses
51
POIKILOHYdRIC
mainly bryophytes but some seedless vascular plants & angiosperms can be this
- lack ability to control, maintain, or regulate internal water content
- do not restrict water loss
- when habitat dries so do they
- drought tolerators (not avoiders)
52
Tolerator
osmotic adjustments
cell wall elasticity
no leaves, stomata
53
Avoiders
more evolved land plants
-stomatal conductance
- leaf orientation
- leaf area
54
Life cycle of moss (bryophytes)
page 38 vid
- need water to run life cycle
- gametophyte is dominant phase (gamete amplification)
- flagellated sperm swims on the gametophyte (depend on water)
- sporophyte retained on the gametophyte (Embryo protection)
- sporophyte/sporangia produces haploid spores following meiosis (spores only germinate under favourable condition)
- protonema - produces multiple buds & many gametophytes (gamete amplification)
55
# Moss
Gametangia
produce gametes in shelter
56
# Moss
archegonia
make eggs
female
57
# moss
antheridia
make sperm
male
58
# Moss
filamentous protonema
spores (n) germinate & make protenema
59
# moss
rhizoids
root like structures that help anchor
60
# moss
What is the biggest disadvantage of bryophyte life cycle
- requires water for every stage of its lifecycle
- sperm cant move unless there is water & moisture
61
Female moss quantity ___ than male moss
greater
62
Seedless Vascular Plants
lycophytes(selaginella) & pterophytes (Ferns)
- have vascular tissues but no seeds
- plants slowly become large
- flourish in moist environments
- dominant phase - sporophytes (diploid 2n) photosynthetic
- sporophyte produces plant body with leaves and3 roots
- small gametophte (bisexual hermaphordite)
- produce flagellate sperms & need water for reprod.
- sporophyte produces plant body on the gametophyte
63
Microphylls
represent modification of stems
narrow leaves w/ one strand of vein
only in lycophytes
offshoot in the main vertical axis
64
Megaphylls
| what is advantage?
## Footnote
drawback
broader leaf w/ multiple veins
all other vascular plants
complex
side branches are close
one dominant branch
| SA/V ratio so more photosynthesis can be conducted
## Footnote
extra photosynthesis heats up plants & they take in water to cool themselves; 90% of that is lost through leaf pores due to sweating
65
Pterophyta
ferns
- most abundant group of seedless vascular plants
- have vasculature
- have roots
- can survive without continuous moisture but cannot reproduce
66
Bryophyte (moss) are leafy ____blank_
Pterophyte are large _____blank_
gametophyte
sporophyte
67
Life cycle of Fern (pterophyte)
page 54
68
Seed plants
- have seeds and vascular tissues
- dominant phase - sporophytes (diploid) very large
- gametophytic phase - very small (ie. pollen)
gymnosperms and angiosperms
69
Gymnosperms
naked seed plants
- sporophyte dominant, produce reproductive structures/organs that contain the haploid spores
- pollen grains: prouce non-motile sperm
- pollination: transfer of pollen to female repoductive parts, no water needed
Ovule
- sporophyte strucutre produces female gametophyte with egg
- connected to sporophyte by protective tissue
- dormancy
70
Female cones (gymnosperms)
megaspore: produce female gemtophyte inside ovule
71
# Gymnophyte
male cones
microspore: produce male gametophyte (pollen)
72
Gymnosperm life cycle on page 60
memorize
73
Major gymnosperm reprouctive adaptations
only one embryo @ end regardless of what the competition is
- spores that produce gametophytes are not shed anymore
- microsporangia (male sporangia) --> microspores produce male gametophyte (pollen)
- structure that houses female gametophyte = ovule
- one egg is fertilized, the ovule will become the seed
- after meiosis, only one megaspore survives
inside ovule --> megasporangia --> megaspore makes female gametophyte --> archegonia --> egg cells (gametes)
- FG is physically connected to sporophyte & protected by many layers of tissue
| ovule pic on page 62
74
how does male sperm find the egg cell that is protected by so many layers
mature pollen are winged and are transferred to ovule
- pollen is in a quiescent and dry state
- once it hydrates on the female tissue it makes the pollen tube that grows through to the egg to deliver sperm cell for fertilization
| pic on 65
75
Gymnosperm seed
encased in a seed, the embryo is protected and can be transported far from its parent plant
| pic on 66
76
Seeds
after fertilization ovule with the embryo turns into seed
- embryo (2n) = sporophyte
- surrouning nutritive tissues
- protective seed coat
seeds are major adaptations for uncertain environments
- long distance transport
- dormancy until conducive conditions are perceived
77
Modern Gymnosperm
all woody species
1. conifers
2. cycas
3. ginkgoes
4. gnetophytes
78
Coniferophyta
conifers (cone bearers)
most common gymnosperms
woody reproductive cones
most are evergreen
- needle leaves
- many produce resins
- economic value
79
Angiosperms
flowering plants with covered seeds
largest group of land plants
most ecologically diverse
subdivided into several groups - monocots and eudicots
Ovaries = protect ovule & seeds
Flowers = contain carpel @ center
Fruit = structure flourishes and disperses seeds
| seeds acquire dormancy once maturing
80
Angiosperm Adaptations
- efficient transport of water and nutrients
- double fertilization (embryo and endosperm)
- ovary protects ovule (develops from carpal turns into fruit)
81
Phylum anthophyta
flowering plants
Monocote (single cotyledon) - all grasses
- parallel veined leaves
Eudiocots (2 cotyledons)
- most fruit trees, roses, etc.
- reticulate veins
PIC ON PAGE 76
82
Life cycle of a flowering plant
pic on page 77
video shown in class
83
page 78-79
equations
84
COMPARISON OF GYMNO ANd ANGIO
PAGE 80
85
Red light/far red chamber
plants swich back an forth
- **photoreceptors** tell plants right conition to grow
- red light changes based on it
P values = phytochrome
it needs to be in Pfr form (active) for seeds to germinate - goes from inactive to active ue to red light
once they germinate, there must be so there must be far-red light to make it go back to inactive form
IN THE dARK - short day plants there is slow conversion of P to Pf
| page 83 = must end on red for there to be high rate of germination
## Footnote
absorption of red light on page 85
86
World harbors more than how many species
8.7 million
87
diversity = [blank] energy = [high] biomass
high;high
88
**Large** plants/animals either got [blank] or [blank]
bones or vasculature
some have can have neither but still be considered plants or animals
89
