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BIOL371 > Theme 2: P2 > Flashcards

Theme 2: P2 Flashcards

1
Q

An organism’s phenotype is dependant on

A

cell number, type & function

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2
Q

Tissue-specific expression in Cannabis sativa

A

cannabinoids mainly accumulate in flowers
- majority of genes encoding cannabinoid & precursor pathway enzymes are most highly transcribe in flower stages

Pathways –> THC accumulations through Hexnoate gene manipulation

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3
Q

Car analogy for tissue-specific expression in Cannabis sativa

A

understanding structure, form, & function of an organism is important to understanding underlying mechanisms

biochemists study by taking an organism apart; observing every individual proteln & geneticist mutates it.

a tire missing causes chape to change - hence genes missing causes change in structure/shape

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4
Q

Multicellularity allows what?

A

functional specialization ofcells -formation of tissue types an organs that perform speical function

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5
Q

Why is classification impotant

A

to unerstan similarity & diversity, morphological characteristics of a group & evolutionary lineages

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6
Q

defining characteristics of land plants

A

eukaryotes
almost all photoautotrophs
multicellular
sessile/stationary
cell walls
alternation of generations life cycle
embryo (sporophyte) retained on the gametophyte tissue

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7
Q

How do we know if something is a plant not fungi

A

flowers

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8
Q

What type of plants can grow in the dark

A

heterotrophic - lacks chlorophyll

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9
Q

Plant cells

A
  • primary cell wall surrouning plasma membrane & cell contents (cytoplasm & organelles)

some have multiple cell walls - the inside one will be primary; outer one will have compound called LIGNIN that makes it rigid & strong

  • cellulose fibres in matrix of hemicellulose (branch form of cellulose)
  • rigid but flexible - expand & shrink
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10
Q

Plant Cell Wall Structure

A

cellulose
structural protein
hemicellulose
pectin (sugar)

  • if you don’t see lignin we know this is primary cell wall
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11
Q

all plant cells have _____________________________what?

A

primary cell walls
only some have secondary

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12
Q

Hypertonic

A
  • plasmolyzed
  • water leaves and cell becomes shriveled up
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13
Q

Isotonic

A

flaccid
water leaving and entering at the same time

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14
Q

Hypotonic

A

turgid
water goes into vacuole
ideal condition

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15
Q

Osmosis

A

plants aquire & lose water this way
rigidity comes from Hyraulic Turgor Pressure from the vacuole

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16
Q

defining characteristics of land plants

A
  • eukaryotes
  • almost all photoautotrophs
  • multicellular
  • cell wall
  • sessile or stationary
  • alternation of generations
  • plants alternate between haploid and diploid in a single life cycle
  • embryo retained inside gametophyte tissue
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17
Q

How is the life cycle of plants diff from animals

A

one free living diploid individual
gametes (haploid) are formed through meiosis
gametes are not free living

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18
Q

Alteration of Generations

PAGE 22

A

meiosis
spores (n)
gemtophyte (n)
gametes (n)
fertilization
zygote
sporophyte (2n)

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19
Q

Sporophyte

A

diploid (2n)
multicellular
produces spores (n) through meiosis

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20
Q

Spores

A

haploid (n)
unicellular
germinate to produce gametophyte through mitosis

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21
Q

Gametophytes

A

haploid n
multicellular gen.
produces haploids through mitosis

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22
Q

Embryo

A

diploid 2n
multicellular

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23
Q

What improves the chance of survival?

A

amplification

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24
Q

How amplification of generations occurs for animals vs. plants

A

page 23

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25
Q

Land plant classification is based on the presence of what?

A

vasculature
seeds

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26
Q

Vasculature

A

circulatory system/network that addresses the plant’s water and nutrient seeds
- always remain in turgid state & adjusting themselves

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27
Q

Vascular bundles consist of

A

xylem
phloem
parenchyma cells
fiber cells

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28
Q

What are fiber cells

A

sclerenchyma cells that provide rigid support to the xylem and phloem

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29
Q

Xylem & Sclerenchyma have…

A

have secondary cell walls w/ lignin

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30
Q

Strong fibre cells provie [blank] for textile industry

A

raw materials
remember THC

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31
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

secondary cell wall
fiber
rigid
without vasculate bundle
- rigidity wont be maintaine

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32
Q

Prenchyma

A

no defined formation
can be xylem or phloem

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33
Q

Xylem

A

seondary cell wall
rigid
transports water
strengthened by lignin and provide structural support

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34
Q

Phloem transports

A

sugars & solutes

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35
Q

Lignin

A
  • never breaks down;degrades very slowly & slows down fermentation when biomass is used to produce biofuels
  • second most abundant polymer after cellulose
  • hydrophobic
  • aromatic in nature
  • co-valently linked with cell wall polysaccharies (hemicellulose) providing rigidity an strength for cell wall
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36
Q

What is the greatest advantage of having vasculature?

A

lignin - gives rigidity to stand tall
- its evolution allows for increase in height

37
Q
A
38
Q

Stem cells

A

undifferentized
stem cell zones turn into leaves, branch, or flower depending on env. or situation its expose to

39
Q

diagram on page 30

A
40
Q

Ancestral green alga phylogeny
page 31: what are the two classifications

land plants

A
  1. vascular or no vascular
  2. seed or seedless
41
Q

What are the phyla in evolution of land plants phylogeny page 31-33

A

bryophytes - nonvascular seedless
peterophytes - seedless
gymnosperms - cones
angiosperms - flowers

42
Q

Three main groups of land plants

A

nonvascular
vascular seedless
vascular seed

43
Q

Nonvascular plants

A
  • lack vascular tissue
  • haploid gen is dominant (diploid gen smaller/shorter time)
  • bryophytes
44
Q

vascular seedless plants

A
  • have well-developed vascular tissue but no seeds
  • diploid gen is dominant
  • lycophytes & pterophytes
45
Q

Vascular seed plants

A
  • have well-developed vascular tissue & seeds
  • diploid gen is dominant
  • switch from non-vascular to vascular (haploid to diploid)
  • gymnosperm & angiosperm
46
Q

Pollen

A

male gametophyte & microscopic

47
Q

Genetic load

A

new mutations occur in each gen

48
Q

deleterious mutations in haploid vs. diploid

A
  • chromosome dead in haploid
  • one chromosme can make up for the other in diploid so it allows favourable mutations to be built up and passed onto next gen
49
Q

Is it more favourable to be in diploid or haploid?

A

longer mutated choromsomes stay in diploid, more beneficial mutations can be accumulated - allows evolution but has no fitness advantage

50
Q

Bryophytes

A

non vascular plants
first to appear on land
poikilohydric
lack conducting tissues
small, grow close to ground on wet sites
- mosses

51
Q

POIKILOHYdRIC

A

mainly bryophytes but some seedless vascular plants & angiosperms can be this
- lack ability to control, maintain, or regulate internal water content
- do not restrict water loss
- when habitat dries so do they
- drought tolerators (not avoiders)

52
Q

Tolerator

A

osmotic adjustments
cell wall elasticity
no leaves, stomata

53
Q

Avoiders

A

more evolved land plants
-stomatal conductance
- leaf orientation
- leaf area

54
Q

Life cycle of moss (bryophytes)

A

page 38 vid

  • need water to run life cycle
  • gametophyte is dominant phase (gamete amplification)
  • flagellated sperm swims on the gametophyte (depend on water)
  • sporophyte retained on the gametophyte (Embryo protection)
  • sporophyte/sporangia produces haploid spores following meiosis (spores only germinate under favourable condition)
  • protonema - produces multiple buds & many gametophytes (gamete amplification)
55
Q

Moss

Gametangia

A

produce gametes in shelter

56
Q

Moss

archegonia

A

make eggs
female

57
Q

moss

antheridia

A

make sperm
male

58
Q

Moss

filamentous protonema

A

spores (n) germinate & make protenema

59
Q

moss

rhizoids

A

root like structures that help anchor

60
Q

moss

What is the biggest disadvantage of bryophyte life cycle

A
  • requires water for every stage of its lifecycle
  • sperm cant move unless there is water & moisture
61
Q

Female moss quantity ___ than male moss

A

greater

62
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants

A

lycophytes(selaginella) & pterophytes (Ferns)

  • have vascular tissues but no seeds
  • plants slowly become large
  • flourish in moist environments
  • dominant phase - sporophytes (diploid 2n) photosynthetic
  • sporophyte produces plant body with leaves and3 roots
  • small gametophte (bisexual hermaphordite)
  • produce flagellate sperms & need water for reprod.
  • sporophyte produces plant body on the gametophyte
63
Q

Microphylls

A

represent modification of stems
narrow leaves w/ one strand of vein
only in lycophytes
offshoot in the main vertical axis

64
Q

Megaphylls

what is advantage?

drawback

A

broader leaf w/ multiple veins
all other vascular plants
complex
side branches are close
one dominant branch

SA/V ratio so more photosynthesis can be conducted

extra photosynthesis heats up plants & they take in water to cool themselves; 90% of that is lost through leaf pores due to sweating

65
Q

Pterophyta

A

ferns
- most abundant group of seedless vascular plants
- have vasculature
- have roots
- can survive without continuous moisture but cannot reproduce

66
Q

Bryophyte (moss) are leafy ____blank_
Pterophyte are large _____blank_

A

gametophyte
sporophyte

67
Q

Life cycle of Fern (pterophyte)

A

page 54

68
Q

Seed plants

A
  • have seeds and vascular tissues
  • dominant phase - sporophytes (diploid) very large
  • gametophytic phase - very small (ie. pollen)

gymnosperms and angiosperms

69
Q

Gymnosperms

A

naked seed plants
- sporophyte dominant, produce reproductive structures/organs that contain the haploid spores

  • pollen grains: prouce non-motile sperm
  • pollination: transfer of pollen to female repoductive parts, no water needed

Ovule
- sporophyte strucutre produces female gametophyte with egg
- connected to sporophyte by protective tissue
- dormancy

70
Q

Female cones (gymnosperms)

A

megaspore: produce female gemtophyte inside ovule

71
Q

Gymnophyte

male cones

A

microspore: produce male gametophyte (pollen)

72
Q

Gymnosperm life cycle on page 60

A

memorize

73
Q

Major gymnosperm reprouctive adaptations

A

only one embryo @ end regardless of what the competition is

  • spores that produce gametophytes are not shed anymore
  • microsporangia (male sporangia) –> microspores produce male gametophyte (pollen)
  • structure that houses female gametophyte = ovule
  • one egg is fertilized, the ovule will become the seed
  • after meiosis, only one megaspore survives

inside ovule –> megasporangia –> megaspore makes female gametophyte –> archegonia –> egg cells (gametes)

  • FG is physically connected to sporophyte & protected by many layers of tissue

ovule pic on page 62

74
Q

how does male sperm find the egg cell that is protected by so many layers

A

mature pollen are winged and are transferred to ovule
- pollen is in a quiescent and dry state
- once it hydrates on the female tissue it makes the pollen tube that grows through to the egg to deliver sperm cell for fertilization

pic on 65

75
Q

Gymnosperm seed

A

encased in a seed, the embryo is protected and can be transported far from its parent plant

pic on 66

76
Q

Seeds

A

after fertilization ovule with the embryo turns into seed
- embryo (2n) = sporophyte
- surrouning nutritive tissues
- protective seed coat

seeds are major adaptations for uncertain environments
- long distance transport
- dormancy until conducive conditions are perceived

77
Q

Modern Gymnosperm

A

all woody species
1. conifers
2. cycas
3. ginkgoes
4. gnetophytes

78
Q

Coniferophyta

A

conifers (cone bearers)
most common gymnosperms
woody reproductive cones

most are evergreen
- needle leaves
- many produce resins
- economic value

79
Q

Angiosperms

A

flowering plants with covered seeds
largest group of land plants
most ecologically diverse
subdivided into several groups - monocots and eudicots

Ovaries = protect ovule & seeds
Flowers = contain carpel @ center
Fruit = structure flourishes and disperses seeds

seeds acquire dormancy once maturing

80
Q

Angiosperm Adaptations

A
  • efficient transport of water and nutrients
  • double fertilization (embryo and endosperm)
  • ovary protects ovule (develops from carpal turns into fruit)
81
Q

Phylum anthophyta

A

flowering plants

Monocote (single cotyledon) - all grasses
- parallel veined leaves

Eudiocots (2 cotyledons)
- most fruit trees, roses, etc.
- reticulate veins

PIC ON PAGE 76

82
Q

Life cycle of a flowering plant

A

pic on page 77
video shown in class

83
Q

page 78-79

A

equations

84
Q

COMPARISON OF GYMNO ANd ANGIO

A

PAGE 80

85
Q

Red light/far red chamber

A

plants swich back an forth
- photoreceptors tell plants right conition to grow
- red light changes based on it

P values = phytochrome

it needs to be in Pfr form (active) for seeds to germinate - goes from inactive to active ue to red light

once they germinate, there must be so there must be far-red light to make it go back to inactive form

IN THE dARK - short day plants there is slow conversion of P to Pf

page 83 = must end on red for there to be high rate of germination

absorption of red light on page 85

86
Q

World harbors more than how many species

A

8.7 million

87
Q

diversity = [blank] energy = [high] biomass

A

high;high

88
Q

Large plants/animals either got [blank] or [blank]

A

bones or vasculature

some have can have neither but still be considered plants or animals

89
Q
A

BIOL371 (4 decks)

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