Where are Nike headquarters?
Beaverton, Oregon. Where 5500 are employed.
What is Nike’s global market share in sports footwear?
27.4%.
Information on China and USA in relation to Nike:
China: 206 factories, 260000 workers, GDP/capita of $8500
USA: 66 factories, 139000 workers, GDP/capita of $49000
Total: 765 factories in 43 countries.
What other countries does Nike manufacture products in?
Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand.
Where does Nike get it’s raw materials from?
The manufacturing host country (China, India, Turkey, and the USA).
Why did Nike locate it’s factories in China?
- cheap labour: $1.7 per hour.
- government incentives.
- raw materials produced locally and cheap to obtain: 6.4 million metric tonnes of cotton produced.
- countries are close together so transport of materials is cheap: shares a border with India.
- free trade often takes place between the countries: China is in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
- expanding market: it’s 20.9% from 2019.
What impacts does Nike have on China?
- forced labour practices in Xinjang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
- pollution from dyes in the river Yangtze and Pearl River Delta.
- the government received $9 billion from direct taxation in 5 years.
- jobs are created (employee and factory statistics)
- development if infrastructure e.g. roads and airports to transport goods.
- new skills such as sewing.
- 7.33 kg of CO2/unit produced
What is Jamaica’s climate like?
- hot: average temperature of 25 degrees for 7 hours per day.
- average of 10 hours of sunlight a day.
Airports in Jamaica?
Sangster International Airport - accessible.
Attractions in Jamaica?
- snorkelling, deep sea fishing, golf courses e.g. White Which Golf club
- hotels in Negril and Montego Bay - all inclusive
- diving and a 7 mile beach - Negril Bay
- Dunn river falls
- Plantation houses turned into museums + other museums e.g. Columbus Park museum
- Cockpit caves
- Negril Marine Park to preserve sea life - 4 marine parks
- Blue Mountains in the East
- large biodiversity
What are the positives and negatives of Tourism in Jamaica?
Advantages:
- 27.4% of the total GDP
- tourists spend $2.2 billion a year
- directly employed 90000 people
- 20.6% employed in the tourist industry
- infrastructure and services can be used by locals.
- positive multiplier affect.
- local farms sell produce - coffee, sugar, sugarcanes, sugar beet, citrus and coconuts
- allows funding of social projects e.g education, HIV and AIDS
- social taxes have gone directly into education and healthcare
Disadvantages:
- inappropriate behaviour of tourists e.g littering, being too loud
- heavy use of resources by tourists - 10 times more than the average local
- loss of heritage - loss of reggae music to tropical house etc.
- under-use of facilities in the off peak season - autumn and spring months
- all-inclusive hotels money allows economic leakage e.g Moon Palace Jamaica Grande
- locals have low-paid jobs where managers have high-paid ones but are expats
- 45% of all income comes from tourism
- traffic congestion and pollution at popular locations at popular locations e.g Ocho Rios Marine Park, with 1 hour traffic jams and Montego Bay
- air traffic from planes into airports, as Montego Bya’s Int. Airport is 56km away from Negril
- power stations from fuelling tourist’s use creates pollution e.g Rockfort Power Plant
- some hotels are an eyesore e.g Falmouth Beach Hotel
- coral reefs are being damaged by ship anchors and jet skis
How is tourism being managed in Jamaica?
Management of tourism: Jamaica’s ‘master plan’
- national parks have entry fees of $8 to allow the preservation of local wildlife
- marine parks conserve coral reefs
- the Negril Marine Park has strict rules about number of people entering and conduct
- Jamaica Conservation and Development Trust is responsible for the management of national parks
- ecotourism is being developed: landscaping in Montego Bay tries to be more attractive, education of flowers and herbs etc. to preserve plants, raft trips on the Rio Grande river minimises the disturbance of the peace, relying on manpower
- community tourism is also being developed through pro-poor tourism - alleviating poverty in local areas
- strict control of hotel height, to stop obstructing views
- moving away from inclusive tourism (Treasure Island), food festivals, 50,000 local farmers, fundraising events from governments
- reggae festival of local residents
- selling hats made by the people
- the marketing is used to promote the local attractions
- local people running small guest-houses, improving lives in Port Antonio
Where does Iceland get it’s energy from?
Renewable energy provides almost 100% of electricity production, with about 70% coming from hydropower and 30% from geothermal power.
How is geothermal energy produced in Iceland?
Magma heats nearby rocks and underground aquifers. Hot water can be released through geysers, hot springs, steam vents, underwater hydrothermal vents, and mud pots. These are all sources of geothermal energy. Their heat can be captured and used directly for heat, or their steam can be used to generate electricity.
How many geothermal energy plants are there in Iceland?
- For example, Krafla.
How is geothermal energy used in Iceland?
About 85% of all houses in Iceland are heated with geothermal energy. In 2015, the total electricity consumption in Iceland was 19000 GWh.
What are the benefits of Iceland’s energy sources?
-Low operational & maintenance costs, thus the power plant company can make more profits from providing electricity from geothermal power.
-Renewable source of energy, can replace coal, oil and natural gas which are running out fast. Geothermal energy is environmentally friendly compared to fossil fuel plants, as they only produce a small amount of carbon monoxide.
-Can be a tourist attraction, e.g. Bjarnarflag Geothermal Station has many tourist
services nearby. Svartsengi Power Station supports Blue Lagoon, a geothermal hot spring. This could bring in more money for the region, making it more economically sustainable as tourists also go mountain climbing & skiing nearby.
What are the negatives of Iceland’s energy sources?
- Require high investments in construction. Construction of a plant & well drilling costs ~ €2-5 million per generated MW of electricity. Long time before your investment is profitable.
- If not done with adequate care enhanced geothermal systems can trigger earthquakes, thus severely affecting land stability & putting nearby areas at risk potential threat to settlements.
- Before access to potentially huge amounts of energy, the success rate for discovering geothermal resources in new untapped areas is ~20%. In areas near wells already producing, it is 80%.
How important is rice for the people who live in the Lower Ganges?
Rice is 75% of their diet.
What are the physical inputs on the Lower Ganges Valley?
- The temperature is over 21º throughout the year, there are
- 2 crop seasons (rice needs a season of around 100 days)
- 2000mm of rainfall is sufficient for wet rice cultivation.
- Through regular flooding, rich alluvial soil is built up.
- 90% of agriculture water is used for rice production -> Water intensive
- 5000 litres of water is used to make 1 kg of rice
What are the human inputs on the Lower Ganges Valley?
- As it is grown on a small plots of land (intensive farming), a lot of labour I used -> therefore being labour intensive.
-Manual effort is needed to prepare fields, plant, weed, irrigate snd harvest and : - Build embankments that surround the field
- Construct irrigation canals
What are the processes on the Lower Ganges Valley?
Planting rice in nurseries , ploughing and transplanting rice into padi field, harvesting rice.
What are the outputs on the Lower Ganges Valley?
High yields of rice and manure from water buffaloes which can be used as energy or manure.
How has the physical environment affected the food production in the Lower Ganges valley?
- relief: low lands and terraces.
- Ganges flood and gravity canals provide alluvium deposits and easily irrigated water.
- inputs.
