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BSMS 102 > Theme 2 - Pregnancy and birth > Flashcards

Theme 2 - Pregnancy and birth Flashcards

1
Q

what is the biomedical perspective of birth?

A

birth is a medical event - focus on illness, pathology, problems and medical intervention

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2
Q

why is the psychological perspective of birth?

A

birth is an experience - focus on satisfaction and fulfilment

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3
Q

what is the social perspective on birth?

A

type of birth is socially determined and influenced by social context

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4
Q

what is the cultural perspective on birth?

A

what is the view of birth in that particular culture - is birth/motherhood fulfilling?

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5
Q

how are deaths during childbirth distributed across the world?

A

unevenly

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6
Q

how many women die in childbirth each year?

A

300,000

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7
Q

what area of the world has the highest maternal death rate?

A

central africa

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8
Q

which factors have contributed to the fall in maternal mortality rates?

A

increased medical knowledge, better nutrition, better sanitation and better birth practices, knowing markers of foetal distress

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9
Q

how many deaths per 100,000 births are there in the UK per year?

A

12 in 100,000

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10
Q

how many deaths per 100,000 births are there in chad per year?

A

1100 in 100,000

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11
Q

what % of births occur at home in the UK?

A

<2%

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12
Q

what % of births in the UK are normal ie no medical interventions

A

40%

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13
Q

what % of births are via C section?

A

30% (half of these are emergency)

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14
Q

name five things that socioeconomic factors influence with regards to psychosocial factors in pregnancy

A

life events, stress, social support, knowledge and information about pregnancy

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15
Q

what can influence adaptive or maladaptive behaviour?

A

who is available to help

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16
Q

name 5 factors associated with foetal or neonatal mortality

A

difficult labour, low birthweight, abuse of mother, illicit drug use, heavy alcohol use, nutritional deficiencies, excessive weight gain/loss of mother

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17
Q

how can factors associated with foetal/neonatal mortality be reduced?

A

address issues that may have happened during childhood, provision of information during pregnancy, effective health promotion delivery to change behaviours (antenatal classes)

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18
Q

what can socioeconomic disadvantages lead to?

A

increased risk of maternal morbidity, women less likely to be physically and mentally well during pregnancy, high mother and infant mortality rates, low birth weight

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19
Q

what is the most important factor contributing to infant morbidity and mortality?

A

low birth weight

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20
Q

what three factors may stress be related to?

A

response to adversity, related to coping responses or concerns about changing roles

21
Q

what are the two main ways that stress can affect the mother and baby?

A

physical (direct) and psychological/behavioural (indirect)

22
Q

what can cortisol influence

A

immunity

23
Q

what can increased blood pressure lead to?

A

changes in blood supply to the baby

24
Q

what can psychological response to stress lead to?

A

the mothers behaviour which subsequently affects the foetus eg excess weight gain

25
Q

name two things stress during pregnancy is associated with?

A

premature labour and delivery and lower birth weight

26
Q

what moderates the effect of stress on the mother?

A

psychosocial resources - what support they have and how to alleviate stress

27
Q

how can stress during pregnancy affect the infant?

A

increases sensitivity to stress, increased heart rate, more anxiety, fearfulness, emotional/behavioural difficulty, cognitive and attention difficulties

28
Q

how can stress during pregnancy affect an individual later in life

A

higher risk of ADHD, schizophrenia and depression

29
Q

how can the negative effects of stress be moderated?

A

by the postnatal environment - being supported after birth

30
Q

what five factors can support in pregnancy and birth lead to?

A

greater perceived control, less stress, greater birth satisfaction, lower likelihood of traumatic birth and postnatal depression

31
Q

what type of support is most beneficial?

A

continuous support

32
Q

can can continuous support through pregnancy lead to?

A

shorter labour, less intervention, less analgesia and better Apgar score for baby

33
Q

when is depression or anxiety most likely to occur in pregnancy?

A

later on

34
Q

what can depression and anxiety in pregnancy be linked to?

A

less social support and poorer health

35
Q

signs of baby blues

A

mild emotional disturbances in first week after birth, crying/confusion/labile emotion/depression/anxiety

36
Q

what % of mother experience baby blues?

A

70%

37
Q

what % of mothers experience post natal depression?

A

15%

38
Q

what is the typical onset and average duration of postnatal depression?

A

onset usually within 6 weeks of birth and can last 3 or more months

39
Q

what % of mothers go on to develop subsequent depression after post natal depression?

A

80%

40
Q

what % of women experience postnatal psychosis?

A

0.1%

41
Q

how can postnatal psychosis manifest?

A

manic, depressive or brief psychotic episode

42
Q

what % of women develop PTSD after birth?

A

2% (20-30% of women find childbirth traumatic)

43
Q

what are the symptoms of PTSD following birth?

A

flashback, intrusive thoughts, numbing and avoidance

44
Q

in what women is PTSD more common in?

A

women that have had previous psychological problems, experienced sexual assault, had a stillbirth or lack of support during birth

45
Q

what three things may a child experience as a result of having a mother with postnatal depression?

A

poor cognitive development, poor social/emotional development, behavioural difficulty

46
Q

what group of infants are likely to be less responsive to faces and voices?

A

those with depressed mothers

47
Q

what % of men experience postnatal depression?

A

10%

48
Q

when does postnatal depression in fathers usually occur?

A

first 3-6 months postnatally

49
Q

can paternal postnatal depression also affect child development?

A

yes

BSMS 102 (14 decks)

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