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BSMS 102 > Theme 1 Anatomy - Skeletal system > Flashcards

Theme 1 Anatomy - Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two parts of the skeletal system?

A

axial and appendicular

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2
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

skull, vertebrae, sternum and hyoid bone

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3
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

limb bones, pectoral bones and pelvic girdle

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4
Q

name four functions of the skeleton

A

protection of organs, movement, production of red blood cells, metabolic reservoir for calcium and mineral salts,

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5
Q

what germ layer does the skeletal system arise from and at what week?

A

from mesoderm from week 4 onwards

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6
Q

which bones ossify last and at what age is this?

A

clavicle, humerus, femur at 20-30 years and carpals at 18 years

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7
Q

which type of mesoderm forms the appendicular skeleton?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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8
Q

what are the two types of ossification?

A

intramembranous and endochondral

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9
Q

what is intramembranous ossification and where does it occur?

A

direct mineralisation of connective tissue and occurs in the skull, mandible and clavicle

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10
Q

what produces the radial pattern of bone in the skull?

A

direct mineralisation where the capillary networks are - bone grows outward from the primary ossification centre

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11
Q

what happens to the connective tissue that does not become bone in intramembranous ossification?

A

is penetrated by blood cells and undifferentiated mesenchyme and gives rise to bone marrow

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12
Q

how much remodelling is there in intramembranous ossification (skull)?

A

not very much - a little to increase the thickness of the skull

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13
Q

what type of ossification starts with a cartilage template which is replaced by bone in an ordered fashion?

A

endochondral ossification

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14
Q

where does primary ossification occur?

A

the bone collar on the diaphysis

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15
Q

where does secondary ossification occur and what does it make?

A

the epiphysis and makes spongey bone

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16
Q

how do bones grow in length during development?

A

cartilage cells are stacked on top of each other at the growth plate and bone is laid down behind them

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17
Q

what structure can look like a fracture on X ray in children?

A

the epiphyseal growth plate

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18
Q

does cartilage become bone or is it replaced by bone?

A

hyaline cartilage acts as a template and is replaced by bone

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19
Q

what processes allows bone to grow both radially as well as in length and which hormone controls this?

A

partial reabsorption by parathyroid hormone

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20
Q

what structure is abolished when bone becomes mature from immature?

A

the epiphyseal plate

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21
Q

what three dietary elements regulate bone development and maintenance?

A

calcium, phosphorus and vitamins

22
Q

what is the function of vitamin D and what does deficiency cause?

A

it is essential for calcium absorption and deficiency causes rickets due to lack of calcium

23
Q

what three hormones control bone growth and where are they produced?

A

parathyroid hormone produced in the parathyroid glands, calcitonin produced by the thyroid gland and growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland

24
Q

what is the function of parathyroid hormone?

A

increases absorption of bone and therefore increases the amount of calcium circulating in the blood

25
Q

what does too much parathyroid hormone lead to?

A

osteopenia - edges of the bone being eaten away

26
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

works in opposition to PTH and reduces amount of calcium circulating in the blood

27
Q

what does too much or too little growth hormone cause?

A

too little before puberty causes dwarfish, too much after puberty causes acromegaly (elongation of mandible and maxilla)

28
Q

how does cartilage get its nutrients?

A

from diffusion as its avascular

29
Q

what are the two types of bone?

A

compact (outside) and spongey (in the middle)

30
Q

what is the thin membrane covering bone?

A

periosteum or perichondrium if connective tissue

31
Q

what is the role of the periosteum

A

helps get blood vessels into the bone through the nutrient foramen

32
Q

what are the four cell types that make up bone?

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

33
Q

what is the role of osteoprogenitor cells?

A

can turn into any form of cell

34
Q

what is the role of osteoblasts?

A

building cells - lay down organic matrix around them and trap themselves

35
Q

what is the role of osteocytes?

A

trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes - maintain the organic matrix and sit in their own lacunae

36
Q

what is the role of osteoclasts?

A

eat and destroy bone under the influence of parathyroid hormone

37
Q

what is the name of the concentric later of inorganic matrix laid down by osteoblasts in compact bone?

A

lamella

38
Q

which way does the Haversian canal run and what is its role?

A

runs vertically and transports blood and nerve supply to bone

39
Q

what are canaliculi?

A

radiate out of lacunae and help with nutrient transport to the osteocyte

40
Q

what is another name for spongey bone

A

cancellous bone

41
Q

what are spaces in spongey bone filled with?

A

bone marrow therefore are highly vascularised

42
Q

give two examples of flat bones

A

scapula and skull

43
Q

give three examples of irregular bones and how can they be described?

A

vertebrae and sacrum - developed over time for a specific function

44
Q

give an example of a sesamoid bone and how can it be characterised?

A

patella - completely surrounded by tendons

45
Q

why does the mastoid process have a bump on it?

A

flat at birth then pressure from the sternocleidomastoid bone makes it produce a bump in order to strengthen

46
Q

what are the three types of joints?

A

synovial, fibrous and cartilaginous

47
Q

what is a synovial joint and where is it found?

A

has a joint capsule and a synovial cavity to allow movement - knee joint

48
Q

what is a fibrous joint and where is its found?

A

connected by collagen and doesn’t allow movement - sutures of skull

49
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint and where is it found?

A

connected by cartilage - some but not much movement - intervertebral disks

50
Q

what do the menisci in the knee joint do?

A

shock absorb and stabilise the knee

51
Q

what two things stables the knee?

A

menisci and ligaments (ACL and PCL)

BSMS 102 (14 decks)

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