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Global Citizenship > Theme 2 Economic Development and the Environment > Flashcards

Theme 2 Economic Development and the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What is economic development?

A

A process where a nation improves the economic, political and social well-being of its people.

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2
Q

What is economic growth?

A

When an economy has increased it’s ability to produce more.

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3
Q

What is an example of a high HDI country, Medium HDI country and Low HDI country?

A

USA: 0.920
Morroco: 0.676
Ethiopia: 0.470

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4
Q

What is the mean years and expected years of schooling in USA, Morroco and Ethiopia?

A

USA: 13.4 mean years, 16.3 expected
Morroco: 5.5 mean years, 13.1 expected
Ethiopia: 2.8 mean years, 8.7 expected

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5
Q

What is GDP?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year.

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6
Q

What is an emerging economy?

A

A country that has begun to experience higher rates of economic growth, often due to rapid industrialization.

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7
Q

What is free trade?

A

A system of trade where buyers and sellers are not limited by taxes on imports and exports.

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8
Q

What are the advantages of free trade for economic development?

A
  • Creates more job opportunities
  • Countreis can specialize in making higher-quality products they are good at
  • Consumers have a wider choice of worldwide products.
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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of free trade for economic development?

A
  • Loss of jobs to other countries that produce goods more cheaply.
  • Unfair working conditions
  • Corrupt companies can make more money.
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10
Q

What is fair trade?

A

A way of buying and selling products that aims to pay the producer a fair price.

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11
Q

What are the advantages of fair trade for economic development?

A
  • Safe working conditions
  • Forced labour is forbidden
  • A fair price is paid for output
  • Premiums are paid to workers who join, which encourages community development.
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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of fair trade for economic development?

A
  • concerns over working conditions remain
  • Fewer people can afford to buy the products as they are more expensive
  • Businesses might make less money
  • Joining fee is required to become fairtrade certified.
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13
Q

What are migrants?

A

People who travel to a different country or place, often in order to find work or better living conditions.

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14
Q

What is economic migration?

A

This happens when people move to find work or follow a particular career path.

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15
Q

What is social migration?

A

This happens when people move for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends.

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16
Q

What is political migration?

A

This happens when people move to escape political persecution or war. These migrants are called refugees.

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17
Q

What is environmental migration?

A

This includes moving to escape natural disasters, such as flooding or earthquakes.

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18
Q

What are some examples of push factors for people leaving an area?

A
  • lack of public services or lack of access to them
  • lack of safety
  • high crime
  • drought
  • unemployment
  • war or risk of persecution
  • natural disasters
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19
Q

What are some examples of pull factors that might attract people to an area?

A
  • Better public services
  • Safer environment
  • Less crime
  • Employment opportunities
  • Opportunities to make them money
  • Political Stability
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20
Q

What are remittances?

A

Amounts of money earned by a migrant worker in one country and sent back to their own country.

21
Q

Which 3 countries have the higest remmitance receipts in the world?

A
  1. India
  2. China
  3. Mexico
22
Q

What are the main international organizations supporting economic development and dealing with human welfare?

A
  • World Health Organization
  • UNICEF
  • UNHCR
23
Q

How does WHO support economic development and deal with human welfare?

A

It works in 194 member states of the UN. The aim is to combat both communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases.

The organization has played a leading role in wiping out smallpox and nearly clearing the world of polio.

24
Q

How does UNICEF support economic development and deal with human welfare?

A

The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund works in 190 countries and territories around the world.
Its main goals are:
* promote the safety of children through protection and inclusion
* reduce child mortality through effective healthcare
* provide high quality education despite conflict or disasters
* provide emergency aid when disaster strikes
* support equal rights for women and girls.

25
Q

How does the UNHCR support economic development and deal with human welfare?

A

The United Nations’ High Commissioner for Refugees agency looks after refugees and disabled people. It helps people to seek asylum in another country or return home when it becomes a safe option.

UNCHR has programmes to help refugees achieve their ambitions. DAFI programme is a scholarship that supports young refugees to cover the costs of their education.

26
Q

What is emergency (or humanitarian) aid?

A

The immediate help given in response to human-made crises and natural disasters; It is intended to save lives, prevent suffering and mantain decent living standards.

27
Q

What is development (or loan) aid?

A

help that is designed to encourage economic development and human welfare by funding longer-term projects.

28
Q

What is debt?

A

Something that is owed to someone else.(money)

29
Q

What is a grant?

A

An amount of money given for a special purpose.

30
Q

What is a loan?

A

a thing that is borrowed, especially a sum of money that is expected to be paid back with interest.

31
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of emergency aid?

A

Strengths:
* saves lives
* helps to rebuild infrastructure and livelihoods after a disaster.

Weaknesses:
* Can lead to dependency rather than encouraging a country to become more self-sufficient.

32
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Development (or long-term) aid?

A

Strengths:
* Improves the health of those affected by crises.
* Can provide training and improve output so people can look after themselves in the longer term.

Weaknesses:
* Projects may only help large-scale developments and ignore smaller, more isolated communities.
* Corruption can result in aid money being used for the wrong purposes.

33
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of loans?

A

Strengths:
* Helps to develop natural resources, enabling an economy to grow.
* Helps industry and transport to develop, which creates jobs and enables economic growth.

Weaknesses:
* infrastructure projects such as roads and ports can mean that the companies in charge can get richer than local people.
* Can lead to political or economic pressure from lending countries.
* Loss of possession if loan isn’t paid back with interest.

34
Q

What are the 3 main ways people can help organizations?

A

Volunteering
Donating/Fundraisers
Campaigning

35
Q

What is climate change?

A

Is the long term shift in global and regional climate patterns.

36
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

resources formed underground millions of years ago from plant and animal remains. (e.g. gas, coal and oil.

37
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

A group of gases that cause heat to be kept/ trapped in the atmosphere. (e.g. Carbon Dioxide, CO2)

38
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

The process whereby gases in the Earth’s atmosphere trap heat and warm the Earth.

39
Q

What was the Industrial Revolution?

A

A period of development in the 19th century in the USA and Europe where rural societies became more urban and more work started to be done by machines in factories than by hand at home.

40
Q

What are some of the human causes of climate change?

A
  • Burning Fossil Fuels
    Releases CO2 in the atmosphere which warms up the Earth.
  • Deforestation
    When vegetation is removed, stored CO2 is released. Vegetation also absorbs CO2 and provides oxygen.
  • Agriculture
    During the practice of farming, such as growing crops or rearing animals, greenhouse gas emissions are released as methane and nitrous oxide.
  • Cement
    Used all over the world in building projects. It contributes to 2% of all CO2 emissions.
41
Q

What are the natural causes of climate change?

A
  • Volcanic Eruptions
    Release greenhouse gases, such as sulphur and CO2, but also produce hugh ash clouds that block sunlight.
  • Orbital Changes
    Cause periods where the Earth is closer to, or further away from the sun. This causes the Earth to go through climate changes (e.g. Ice Age)
  • Meteorite Collisions
    Release tonnes of greenhouse gases and dust into the atmosphere. Gas and dust prevent radiation from the sun, leading to reduced temperatures.
  • Solar Sunspots
    Increase solar radiation, therefore increasing the temperature on Earth at times.
42
Q

What are global commons?

A

The Earth’s shared natural resources, such as the oceans, the atmosphere, Antartica and outer space.

43
Q

What are some of the consequences of climate change?

A
  • Desertification
  • Health Problems
  • Loss of Biodiversity
  • Melting Permafrost and Glaciers
44
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

the number of different plant and animal species that live in the world or in a particular area.

45
Q

How does climate change cause desertification?

A

as temps rise and rainfall patterns change, once-fertile land becomes dry and desert-like. This means there are fewer areas where agriculture is possible leading to food shortages.

46
Q

How does climate change cause health problems?

A

Rising CO2 levels increase air pollution, which affects our breathing, leading to potential diseases developing.
A rise in temp can also attract more insects like mosquitos which can lead to the spread of malaria.

47
Q

How does climate change cause loss of biodiversity?

A

Biodiversity is reduced because plants and animals cannot adapt quickly enough to the changing environment, making them in danger of becoming extinct.

48
Q

How does climate change cause melting permafrost and glaciers?

A

As temps rise, glaciers and permafrost will melt and release even more CO2 into the atmosphere. This raises sea level which will cause land to be lost.

49
Q
A

Global Citizenship (2 decks)

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