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Global Citizenship > Theme 1: Politics and Governance > Flashcards

Theme 1: Politics and Governance Flashcards

1
Q

What is democracy?

A

When power in a country lies with the people, who can vote to elect their leaders.

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2
Q

What is representative democracy?

A

Citizens vote for people to represent them in making decisions about the running of the country.

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3
Q

What is direct democracy?

A

All citizens vote directly on every decision about the running of the country.

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4
Q

What is a referendum?

A

A vote by all citizens on a specific topic.

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5
Q

What are the strengths of democracy?

A
  • citizens help to decide who runs the country
  • Elections allow voters to change who is in power if they are unhappy.
  • Power usually changes fairly and peacefully.
  • Policies usually reflect the views of most of voters.
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6
Q

What are the weaknesses of democracy?

A
  • Majority wins therefore policies might discriminate against minority views.
  • Decision making takes a long time as everyone’s views must be heard.
  • Governments do not always fulfil the promises they make during elections.
  • Voters could make misinformed decisions due to lack of education in certain issues.
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7
Q

What is a nation?

A

A group of people who have a common language, culture and heritage.

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8
Q

What is a nation state?

A

A country where the population has langiage, culture and heritage in common.

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9
Q

What is a state?

A

A government that has sovereignty over an area of territory and the people in it.

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10
Q

What is a sovereign state?

A

A country that has a permanent population, territory and government; it must also be recognized as a state by other states.

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11
Q

What are the functions of a nation state in global politics?

A
  • Adressing global challenges
  • Conducting diplomacy and foreign relations
  • Promoting international cooperation and security
  • Engaging in trade and commerce.
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12
Q

What are the challenges to the sovereignty of nation states?

A
  • The effect of globalization:
    global village idea has emerged. Loss of traditional skills and culture.
  • Decentralisation
    moving power from national governments to regions.
  • Regional Groups
    Countries joining together to have greater international power. (ASEAN, EU) means having to give up a bit of control.
  • Cybercrime Threat
    Hackers can steal personal info on populations. This makes it difficult to mantain control.
  • Protecting borders
    Refugees fleeing or economic migrants in search of a better life.
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13
Q

What is a flawed democracy and give one example?

A

Have free and fair elections and people’s rights are respected. However, there may be some lack of media freedo and opposition and critics may be supressed to some extent.

Example: South Africa

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14
Q

What is a hybrid regime and give one example?

A

Not free and fair democracies. There might be fraud in electons, corruption and pressure put on opposition to the government. The legal system is essentially controlled by the government. The media is not free to report on the government’s activities so political knowledge is limited.

Example: Argentina

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15
Q

What is an authoritarian regime and give 1 example?

A

Run by one individual or party. They are usually dictatorsips or monarchies. People’s rights are ignored and elections can be fixed. Media and legal system are state controlled. Any criticism of government is supressed.

Example: North Korea

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16
Q

What is a dictator?

A

ruler with complete power over a country who is often not elected and has usually taken control by force.

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17
Q

What is totalitarian?

A

political system where those in power have complete control and do not allow anyone to challenge them.

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18
Q

What is an absolute monarch and give 1 example?

A

Monarch with unlimited power over there the country because there are no constitutional or legal checks.

Examples: Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Brunei

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19
Q

What is a constitutional monarch and give 1 example?

A

A monarch who has power within the limits of the constitution of the country.

Example: Sweden, Malasyia, Japan, Morroco

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20
Q

What is the Human Development Index?

A

The measure of wealth and quality of life for humans within a country.

21
Q

What categories is the HDI based off?

A
  • life expectancy at birth
  • expected years of schooling for children
  • mean years of schooling for adults.
  • income per person.
22
Q

What is the impact of a hybrid regime on a low scoring HDI country?

A

Mali
* Low HDI score ranking as 184
* Poverty is high
* Periods of droughts and floods.
* Low access to adequate sanitation
* Low access to safe drinking water

23
Q

What is the impact of a hybrid regime on a medium scoring HDI country?

A

Pakistan
* Ranked number 154
* 22.5 million children out of school
* Most healthcare is private and struggles to mantain proper healthcare system.
* Slow economic growth.

24
Q

What is the impact of a constitutional monarch on a high scoring HDI country?

A

Denmark
* Very high level of HDI (ranked 11)
* All residents have access to public healthcare
* Education is free from ages 6-16
* Literacy rate is 99%

25
Q

What are human rights?

A

Things that people are morally or legally entitled to have. This is regardless of factors such as age, race, gender, colour, religion, nationality and background.

26
Q

What is the UN and its purpose?

A

The United Nations is an international organization and it emerged after the second world war It was set up to promote international co-operation and prevent another conflict. It tries to encourage peace, co-operation and friendship between countries.

27
Q

What is the UDHR?

A

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was established in 1948 and is an international document adopted by the UN that defines the rights and freedom of all human beings.

28
Q

What are some of the rights that everyone should have according to the UDHR?

A
  • the right to food and clothes
  • the right to shelter
  • right to education
  • right to healthcare
29
Q

What are the different types of human rights?

A
  • Political:
    the right to vote and freedom of expression.
  • Economic:
    the right to own property and have a job.
  • Cultural
    the right to practice a religion or faith.
  • Social:
    the right to have an education and have a family.
  • Civic:
    the right to life and have protection under the law.
30
Q

What is meant by freedom?

A

refers to the power or right to act, speak or think as you want.

31
Q

What is International Law?

A

a body of rules, treaties or conventions recognized and followed by countries who agree to their terms.

32
Q

What is the UN Charter?

A

a treaty of the UN that aims to uphold the human rights of citizens across countries. All members are bound by its articles.

33
Q

What are the 4 purposes of the UN Charter?

A
  • to mantain international peace and security
  • to develop friendly relations among nations
  • to co-operate in solving international problems and promote human rights
  • to be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations.
34
Q

What is the Geneva Convention and when was it formed?

A

It is a series of agreements that set out how people, such as enemy soldiers, doctors and civillians should be treated in time of war. The Geneva Convention was formed in 1949.

35
Q

When was the UN established?

A

The league of nations was set up in 1919 after the first world war. It broke down at the outset of WWII in 1939. The UN was set up in 1945 after the end of WWII.

36
Q

What are treaties and conventions and how are they different from declaration?

A

Treaties and Conventions are: Formal wrriten agreements between countries which can be enforced by law. Declaration is a similar agreement but cannot be enforced by law. It is not legally binding.

37
Q

What is the role of the UN General Assembly in law making?

A

It is made up of representatives from each UN member state and it is the place where international law is discussed and approved. When work on an issue is complete, the GA have the power to call a conference to bring all countries together so they can sign the agreement.

38
Q

What is the ICC?

A

International Criminal Court. It is a permanent, international court that judges criminals who might have committed crimes against the international committee.

39
Q

When was the ICC established and when is it used?

A

It started work in 2002.

It is used when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals or when the united nations security council or a national government refers a case to the court.

40
Q

What is the ICJ?

A

International Court of Justice. It is the main legal court of the UN. It settles disagreements between countries and is sometimes called the World Court.

41
Q

What is the ECHR?

A

The European Court of Human Rights. The court of the council of Europe. It deals with people of countries that do not respect the European Convention on Human Rights.

42
Q

What is the ECJ?

A

The European Court of Justice. A court that judges people and organizations who may have broken European law.

43
Q

What is the Council of Europe?

A

A body of 47 member states that aims to protect human rights and democracy in Europe.

44
Q

What is a charity?

A

A group or organization set up to provide help or raise money for those in need.

45
Q

What is an NGO?

A

Groups set up to work independently of any government. Their purpose is to address a social or political issue.

46
Q

What is a social movement?

A

An effort organized and co-ordinated by people to achieve a goal, usually a social or political one.

47
Q

Who are indigenous people?

A

Communities who originate from, or are attached to, an area where modern countries have since been established.

48
Q
A

Global Citizenship (2 decks)

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