Theme 2 - civil rights

Question 1

MARTIN LUTHER KING

Answer 1

-Well respected member, pasteur, well educated\
- organised the carpool for mbb,
- urged his congregation to vote for naacp
-founded the southern leadership conference, spoke at prayer pilgrimage for freedom in dc
- known as a the best spokesman
arrested for greensboro sit in but pres kennedy helped
favoured peaceful protests

Question 2

bad influence of mlk betrayer

Answer 2

• betrayer of his people - spoke out against vietnam war knowing it gave a bad reputation to pres johnson who he needed for the acts. however he said he couldnt ignore the children in the vietnam war running and being wounded by the US
• willing to compromise his popularity for what he believed in
• he said that ‘ interested in appalachian whites, mexicans and other minorities ‘ SNIC members disliked this as it took away from Black civil rights

Question 3

glory seeker

Answer 3

went to jail instead of paying a $10 fine
naacp lawyer roy wilson said mlk was presumptous and self promoting
criticed the war often

Question 4

hypocrite

Answer 4

wife coretta king said he was a guiltridden man, not always truthful under pressure.
As a pasteur he gave sermons about homosexuality and sex before marriage when the Fbi searched his phone they found evidence. fbi chief said that he was tom cat with sexual urges - he was a homosexual man
king said it was a way to relieve pressure

Question 5

civil rights legislation eisenhower 1953 to 1961

Answer 5

civil rights act of 1957 allows justice department more power to supervise the voting registrations
interstate buses segregation banned in 1960s
made it a crime to construct federal orders by threat or force

Question 6

kennedy 1961 to 63

Answer 6

exec order 1102- banning segregatiion in federal housing.

gov of alabama stopped 2 black students from a school, kennedy sent state troops to make it happen

Question 7

johnson 1963 to 1069

Answer 7

voting rights act allows black people to vote

civil rights act

Question 8

nixon 1969 to 1974

Answer 8

emergency school aid act gives funding to schools that are desegrating and struggling

Question 9

why did the chances of passing civil rights legislation change after the 1950

Answer 9

• some schools didnt desegregate,
• civil rights activists had violence
• police brutality
• Naacp took town of charlotte to court as there was informal segregation

Question 10

Northern crusade? led to chances of crl being passed

Answer 10

The nc was foucssed on the south and it was regarding the ghetto housing conditions
summer 1966 there were riots regarding city slums in 20 cities
tenant unions set up by MLK to help improve conditions and also teach ppl non violent techniques to protest
chicago 800k ppl living in slums that mayor dalley denied existence of
change not permanent - mlk rela with media not good acuused of non violent campaigners of making mkilitant comments like carmichael

Question 11

riots

Answer 11

in 1964- major riots in cities like philly and chicago coz of police brutality but it was because of slum housing
took place in summer when heat was unbearable and people could notlive because of the overcrowdedness.
govt intervention was seen as acceptable but the state troops was excessive
media - not good- had images with black men holding petrol bombs with burning cities were shown instead of white men assualting black

Question 12

achievements following the 1960’s

Answer 12

1980- black americans full american citizens with every right being equal
following 1960 - more pressure from govt officials for making equality happen
Executive orders give preference to black interviews for jobs
black upper class established - they also moved to the suburbs
blacks in edn increased
on a socio economic level that ran from 7 to 75, black men moved from 16(1910) to 21 (1980) women moved from 13 to 21
began to appear on TV more, home ownership increased
Ba votes - 58% in 1966 to 60% in 1980

Question 13

limits of achievement

Answer 13

• still inferior
• minority quota
• riots - made ppl less sypathetic
• poor were neglected
• gang culture
• 75% of high school students dropped out.

Question 14

black power movement malcolm x

Answer 14

family terrorised and killed by the KKK
joined nation of islam in jail
didnt believe in nv protest

Question 15

black power

Answer 15

in 1965 stokley carmichael created lowdes county freedom organisation in response to black feeling to not vote south vote.
JM in 1966 led a march thru washington but he was shot
CM said that nvda was not working - SNCC and CORE was radicalised
freedom - black power slogan
CRM was divided into passive and violent
radical wanted seperation like going back to africa
naacp radicalised too
malcolm x gave sermons to encourage critical thinking on race
different to MLK

Question 16

Marcus Garvey

Answer 16

noi was inspired by marcus garvey’s black separtionist movement in 1910/1920 - universal negro association went into decline thus noi took ovre

Question 17

noi

Answer 17

• elijah poole took over, religious, allah created ppl black others were an alien race.
  violent
  seperatism no equality

Question 18

ghettos and riots

Answer 18

slum housing in philly and chic - poverty only 32% of bhs finished hs compared to 56% of wp
hard to break out of cycle
increased customation decreased no of jobs in factories thus unemployment- 50-70% of black youth unemployed.
1966 to 1968 violence due to heat
federal int by pres johnson who set up kerner’s commisions 1967 emphasised the material deprivation
naacp - schools
phillip randolph - unionisation

Question 19

impact ghettos

Answer 19

not all lives improved, police brutality increased, anyone who helped ghettos was seen as being communist.

Question 20

how and why did minority rights become significant

Answer 20

native americans, tribal homelands. self determination

Question 21

native americans

Answer 21

between the 1960s to the 1980’s, native americans fought for their rights after years of violence.
Govt policies which were regulated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs were to break tribal existence.
Roosevelt reversed assimilation in his new deal however they needed to be managed in a constitutional way.
after roosevelt, assimilation became a trend again
BIA encouraged NA to move to cities for housing and work but this disrupted tribal culture, federal policy of termination which they resisted.

Question 22

the issues tribal homelands

Answer 22

driven away from homes in forced relocation, following indian removal act in 1830
federal govt gave money and land in return for removal
1960- agreed that treaties were unfair
they wanted new treaties

Question 23

self determination

Answer 23

tribes were an independent nation ran under a govt, they were free to do what they wanted however they were managed by the BIA and US govt
BIA- did not manage NA well, tried to implement regulations which deterred from native culture
eg in indian schools, they spoke nothing but english, asked to cut their hair, dress in ‘proper clothes’
na felt the BIA did not have their best interests at heart

Question 24

organised protest

Answer 24

1968, indian civil rights act banned tribes from restricting the civil rights of tribal members.
did not do anything to address the matters of trouble that NA had with the govt
American Indian movement set up which was more radical than National congress of American Indians. They adopted direct action methods from BCRM, with the slogan red power. they had demonstrations and sit ins
AIM also targetted White people and their cultural appropriation.

Question 25

examples of NA protests

Answer 25

1969 - Alcatrez red power takes over the island and the prison and stays till 1971
1972 AIM drives to Washington to protest outside BIA in order for better management, renegotiate treaties.
1978 - longest walk from san francisco to washington for how indian culture is removed and how they are forcefully removed in their homelands.

Question 26

gains

Answer 26

pres nixon sympathised for 830k na that he couldnt do for 22m of bp.
declined termination and assimilation
consulted tribal leades about solutions, across 1972 to 19745 he passed many acts like INDIAN EDN ACT, INDIAN FINANCE ACT AND INDIAN SELF DETERMINATION ACT
they could also vote in 1975
1971, the alaska native claims settlement act returned 40million acres of land to tribal.

Question 27

limitations

Answer 27

nixon did not reform bia, there were internal problems. he did not try and negotiate native tribal sacred sites.

Question 28

hispanic american

Answer 28

bracero programme which were contracts signed between 1942 to 54 which guaranteed housing and jobs to mexicans, 4.6 million signed

Question 29

issues - land, workers rights, disc, depo

Answer 29

land - 1846 to 1848 american mexican war ended with a treaty, after this a border was put between mexico and usa- ppl could become us citizens or relocate to mexico. new mexico land right issue
WR- hispanic farmers in the Bracero programme were in poor conditions, didnt get paid that much. after ww2, take it or leave it - no union, illegal immigrants.
disc racial discrimation
Depo- operation wetback.

Question 30

cesar chevez

Answer 30

workers rights , held demonstrations and rallies, spoke to mexicans to unite them. fasting in protest.

Question 31

reieis lopez tijerina

Answer 31

protests about rights in new mexico however got nowhere thus held mass demon, marches. teamed up with black power to work together

Question 32

gay rights

Answer 32

gays were invisible to society, they were condemned in society, 1950 congress member stated that homosexuality was a sin. religious matters

Question 33

what sparked it?

Answer 33

stonewall inn - nyc. incident at a bar, gay bar which police raided for liqour licesning. they were used to it but the officer was too rough with one of the members. 400 people fought back
several days after there were violent protests, gay liberation front set up.

Question 34

gay pride marches

Answer 34

10 cities in 1970, nyc, 10,000 members

Question 35

what they do

Answer 35

groups worked together and alone, they took over cities in protests and it spread rapidly.- support from counter culture.
by 1977 a poll said that over 50% of people believed in equal rights for gays. social attitude was changing
kk still hostile

Question 36

success

Answer 36

1974 - kathy kozachenko was elected to office, first openly gay member
1977 harvey milk was elected in san francisco he was not openly gay but supported gay and minority rights.
showed people that social attitudes were changing

Question 37

limitations

Answer 37

people began to back lash against the gay rights, anita bryon a spokeswomen set up save our children where she stated that integration was harming and normal people would be harmed.
religious right was outspoken against gay people.

Question 38

THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT 1954

Answer 38

Black passengers had to sit in the back of the bus and the bus systems were segregated, white people had priority -and they had to stand even if their allocated seats were full. In 1954 the WPC warred the Governor that they and the NAACP were planning a boycott however they did not have an adequate member to choose case from, two women were arrested for issues over the buses however one was 15 yo and pregnant and the other unmarried too, they would face opposition. Rosa parks was a well member of the society and the arrest of her sparked the boycott. The Montgomery Impr association was created which out MLK as the leader, he organised carpool systems there was unity - they put out leaflets. 90% of black people stayed away from buses, the boycott continued for 382 days and naturally the supreme court ruled that busses desegregated but bus stations still were

Question 39

BROWN VS TOPEKA 1952

Answer 39

-There was conflict over the education system in america, schools were segregated and white children were given a better education than black children. There were often poor teachers, poor resources and they worked in dilapidated environments. hence, the NAACP lawyer Thurgood marshall decided to take 5 cases to the supreme court - he argued that it is unfair to be this discriminatory. the judge carried the case on for months and no progress was made however, judge earl warren ruled that equal and segregation has no place in society therefore marshall won the case. Some schools integrated within a year but some took ages in the deep south . the white citizen council created to fight desegregation and it gained 250k memebers.

Question 40

Little Rock ARKANSAS 1956

Answer 40

Arkansas had a racist gov called Faubas however they had integrated schools, 9 children were selected to join an integrated school for the first time however due to the widespread hostility and anger, the NAACP organiser sent them a message to go to the school a day later. Elizabeth eckford did not get the message, rather she went to school and faced a very angry mob. Photographs shocked the world - eisenhower saw and was pressured into sending federal troops to restore order and guard the children to go class to class – homes of naacp members was firebombed a lot.

Question 41

GREENSBORO SIT IN 1960 - 1961

Answer 41

-four black students went to a counter to get food and they were refused of service because the diner was segregated. they sat in for hours, the next morning students came back with 30 more and this slowly began increasing. white youths came to heckle however the media portrayed the black students of being well dressed and calm waiting for food. while white people yelled into their faces.

Question 42

THE STUDENT NON VIOLENT COORDINATING CAMPAIGN SNCC 1960

Answer 42

-set up in raleigh north carolina and it was a racially integrated organisation of young people who were being taught how to be act in direct action 9nv0 and how to cope with abuse and violence. they sent out field secretaries into the deeper south to encourage voter registration for black people. They knew black people needed more political power - kings ideas was to take non violence in area of violence.