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Bio 243 > Theme 1B > Flashcards

Theme 1B Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 components of DNA

A

Pentose sugar-ribose (RNA) or Deoxyribose (DNA)
Nitrogenous bases (purine or Pyrmidine
Phosphate

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2
Q

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose

A

Given the name deoxy, deoxyribose is missing an oxygen on 2 prime c.arbon. Ribose on the other hand has an OH on the 2 prime carbon

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3
Q

What is the difference between purine and pyridine ring

A

Purine has a double ring Adenine and guanine are purines that bind to N9 nitrogen
While Pyrmidine has a single ring cytosine, thymine and uracil are pyrimidine that bing to N1 nitrogen

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4
Q

What is a nucleoside

A

molecules of a sugar and a base together

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5
Q

What is deoxyribonuleoside

A

2-deoxyribose sugar+purine/ pyridine ring

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6
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

A molecule containing a nitrogenous base a phosphate group and a pentose sugar

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7
Q

Where is the phosphate group attached to the sugar

A

It is attached to the carbon 5 of ribose/deoxyribose sugar

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8
Q

What is DNA

A

a polymer of deoxyribonucleotide

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9
Q

What are the role of phosphodiester bonds in DNA

A

Nucleoyide monomers polymerize (attach to each other) using phosphodiester bond

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10
Q

What role do covalent bonds play in DNA

A

Covalent bonds form between phosphate and C-3 and C-5 of two sugars forming pentose-phosphate backbone

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11
Q

What makes a polynucleotide polar

A

because of 5 prime and 3 prime end

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12
Q

Are DNA molecules negatively charged

A

YES

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13
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of DNA

A

It is linear
Has a pentose phosphate backbone
Nitrogenous bases held the code since they are the only unique thing between individuals

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14
Q

What is chargaffs rule

A

the percentage of purines is equal to the percentages of pyrimidines.
There is the same amount of c and gs
there is the same amount of a and t

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15
Q

What was Rosalind franklins role in finding the structure of DNA(3)

A

she printed a photo of DNA and concludes that
Dna molecules are cyndrical and 2mm in diameter
0.34 periodicity suggest bases are stacked on top of each other
Helical structure of DNA

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16
Q

What keeps two dna strands bonded together

A

hydgrogen bonding
at has two bonds
cg has 3 bond

17
Q

How can we denature DNA

A

under heat or alkali

18
Q

What is chromatin

A

regions of dna with its associated proteins on a chromosome

19
Q

What are plasmids

A

prokaryotes have one circular chromosome called plasmids

20
Q

Describe eukaryotic chromosomes

A

they are linear and enclosed in a nucleus

21
Q

What are the 3 components of eukaryotic chromosomes

A
  1. Orgin of replication
  2. Centromeres
  3. Telomeres
22
Q

What is the origin of replication

A

DNA sequences along chromosome which initiate dna replication

23
Q

Centromere

A

DNA sequences required for correct segregation of chromosomes by directing formation of the kintochiore in which the biotic spindle attaches

24
Q

Telomeres

A

DNA sequences located at the end of the chromosome
Only needed for eukaryotes

25
Q

In humans which cells are haploid

A

sexually reproductive cells

26
Q

Why are some eukaryotes polyploid

A

They have huge cells and need lots of protein and genes +DNa are used to make atheist proteins

27
Q

What are the 3 reasons that dna is organized in chromosomes

A
  1. Chromosomes compact dna so it can fit in nucleus
  2. Chromosomal structure protects dna from damage
  3. chromosomes can be easily separated and transmitted to each daughter cell during cell division
28
Q

What are histones

A

basic positively
charges proteins that DNA winds around

29
Q

What is the Role of histone 1

A

binds to dna and nucleosomes causing nucleosomes to form coiled chromatin

30
Q

Nucleosome

A

ball of 4 different histones Dna wraps around nucleosomes

31
Q

Dna packing is uniform true or false

A

False

32
Q

What are euchromatin

A

regions have lower dna compaction and genes are actively expressed

33
Q

What are heterchromotain

A

regions of high dna compaction where gene expression is silenced. Proteins can’t get in to turn genes on

34
Q

Consistutive heterochromatin

A

area where Dna always highly compacted
centromemeres and subtelomeric regions

35
Q

Facatve heterochromatic

A

can switch to euchromatin depending on cell type and during development

36
Q

Which part of DNA have a negative charge

A

the phosphate group

Bio 243 (3 decks)

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