Thème 1A Flashcards
Gene
functional unit of heredity and variation
Found on chromosomes and are parts of the genome that encodes for RNA and protein
Genetics
Study of heredity and variation in cells individuals and populations
Molecular genetics
Study of function and structure of genes at molecular level
Allèles
Variant forms of a gene caused by difference in DNA sequence result in changes in amino acid sequence of proteins
Genotype
Genes inherited by organisms by mother and father
Genome
Entire DNA sequence ACGT of an organism
Phenotype
Viable traits like height illness blood type eye color
Gênée expression
Turning on a gene to produce RNA and proteins
What is the only coding rna
MRNA because it makes proteins
Protein expression
The type and abundance of proteins in the cell
What role do proteins play in determining phenotype
Being that proteins change the rate of reaction in a cell they are important for determining phenotype
What are the 3 types of proteins
Enzymes increase rate of reaction
Structural protein maintaining cell shape
Signalling proteins like hormones
Differential regulation
Genes being turned on to a greater extent then others
Example light vs dark blue eyes
What causes people to look alike
Similar alleles and amount of differential regulation
What are the 3 classical experiments for establishing DNA molecule
Griffith
Avery Mcarthy and Macleod
Hershey and chase
Griffith what is streptococcus pneumonia
Bacterial pathway that cause pneumonia in mammals
What is the smooth strain (s) of streptococcus pneumoniae
bacterium surounded by a polysaccharides capsule which is a mucus sugar layer over the protein
Why is the s strain considered virulent
because of its polysaccharide capsule it is protected from antibodies that can no longer detect it
What is the rough strain r of streptococcus pneumoniae
lacks polysaccharide capsule meaning that antibodies can detect its proteins and attack the bacteria
What was griffith conclusion
Transforming principle
Heat kill S bacteria could genetically transform living R cells into virulent S form.
Transformation was permanent and heritable
What was Avery Macleod and Macarthys Hypothesis
Transforming principle could be caused protein DNA or RNA
What was Avery Macleod and Mccarthys experimental approach
Eliminate each type of molecule and see if transformation of r cells occurs
What was the conclusion on Aver mccarthy and macleod experiment
If the type of molecule is absent and transformation does not occur it is the transforming principle
What were the results of Avery mcloeod and mccarthy experiment
When DNAase is removed transformation does not occur meaning that DNa is a critical component
What is the life cycle of a bacteriophage
Bacteria i injects it’s dna into cell DNA circulises from here it can take lyric or lysiogeny pathway
What happens during lyric pathways
Bacteria hijabs cells machinery to replicate its dna rna and protein
This allows assembly into progeny viral particles
Finally cell lyses and phases come out
Lysogeny
Viral dna inserts into bacterial chromosome basically they dna from bacteria becomes intergrate into host genome
Viral genes remain inactive but it’s is passed on when cell replicated
When does lysogeny switch to lyric cycle
During times of stress because immune system is suppressed allowed bacteriophages to quickly take over
What is Hershey and chases experiment
They put radioactive amino acids S35 on proteins after injecting dna the new phage inside did not have any amino acid inside
In the second part of the experiment phage began with P32 labeled deoxyriobe nucleiotide in the dna
DNA entered the cell and new phage had the radioactivity
