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Bio 243 > Theme 1B > Flashcards

Theme 1B Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What molecules are found in nucleic acids?

A

Pentose sugar: ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA)

Nitrogenous base: purines or pyrimidine

Phosphate group

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2
Q

The pentose sugar of RNA has a _______ group on its carbon 2

A

OH

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3
Q

The pentose sugar of DNA (deoxyribose) has a _____ on its carbon 2

A

H atom
Not OH

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4
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases used in DNA? In RNA?

A

DNA : ACGT
RNA: ACGU

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5
Q

Look at each nitrogenous base and identify which is which

A

LOOK ON GOOGLE DOC

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6
Q

What is a nucleoside.

A

Molecule of a sugar and a nitrogenous base

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7
Q

What carbon does the base bind to in a nucleoside.

A

Carbon 1

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8
Q

What is a nucleotide.

A

And nucleoside molecule but also with a phosphate group attached to carbon 5 of the sugar

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9
Q

What parts are DNA composed of

A

A bunch of deoxyribonucleotides.

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10
Q

Which carbons on the sugars in DNA are attached to the phosphate

A

C5 and C3

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11
Q

What causes DNA (polynucleotide) to be polar.

A

The 5 carbon end with phosphate group

The three carbon end with OH group

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12
Q

What charge is a dna molecule, why?

A

Negative because of the negatively charged phosphates in the pentose phosphate backbone

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13
Q

Ended on Slide 8

A
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14
Q

What is x ray diffraction

A

They have x ray source and it shoots beam of x rays to the DNA sample. The beam diffracts (splits) then shows pic of dna on photographic plate

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15
Q

What did x ray diffraction show us of dna

A

Showed that DNA was cylindrical and around
2mm in diameter
Showed 0.34nm periodicy (that base were stacked on top of one another)
Show x shaped pattern which indicated helical structure

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16
Q

What is a purine on one strand of dna always paired with?

A

A pyrimidine on the others strand (this fits chargaffs rule

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17
Q

The backbone of DNA is ___
, and the bases
(interior) are ___

A

Polar hydrophilic
Nonpolar hydrophobic

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18
Q

Why are the two strands of dna antiparallel?

A

Allows bases to properly line up with each other

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19
Q

What keeps the two strands of dna intact/ connected

A

Hydrogen bonds between the bases

20
Q

What is a major groove, what is a minor groove

A

Major groove: when the backbone of the helix is further apart
Minor: the backbone of the helix is closer together

21
Q

What is nucleic acid hybridization?

A

Putting together (annealing) single strands of RNA and DNA.
This process is temperature driven and concentration dependant

22
Q

How do you put together (annealing) single strands of RNA to DNA.

A

First denature the original strand through heat, this splits the stand into two
Then add the RNA strand to the strand that compliments it
Then reanneal DNA strand to RNA strand through cooling

23
Q

What is semiconservative replication?

A

Where the double helix has the original parent strand, and the newly made (daughter) strand

24
Q

What structure is DNA organized into? What makes up half of this structure?

A

Chromosomes
Proteins

25
Q

What is chromatin

A

Region of dna with its associated proteins on a chromosome

26
Q

What shape can chromosomes be? How can you tell the shape?

A

Circular or linear

If you cut the chromosome and there’s only piece, it’s circular
If two piece, linear

27
Q

How many and what shape are prokaryotes chromosomes?

What are their chromosomes called and where are they?

A

One circular chromosome
Called plasmids are in the cytoplasm

28
Q

What shape are eukaryotic chromosomes, where are they?

A

Linear in the nucleus

29
Q

Plasmids _________ required for life

A

Are not

30
Q

What are the components of eukaryotic chromosomes?

A

Origins of replication
Centromeres
Telomeres

31
Q

What is the origin of replication?

A

DNA sequences along chromosome that initiate
DNA replication (where dna replication starts)

32
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The DNA sequences that correctly segregate the chromosomes by directing where the kinetocore forms.
Helps the spindles attache to the correct kineticore

33
Q

What are telomeres

A

DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes that prevent degradation and help with having proper replication of the chromosomal ends

34
Q

What are diploid sets, haploid sets of chromosome?

A

Diploid is two copies of chromosome
Haploid is one copy of chromosome

35
Q

What organisms have a haploid set of chromosome? Why

A

Sexually reproductive cells (sperm or eggs). Because they are less complex

36
Q

What organisms have a diploid set of
chromosome? Why

A

Eukaryotic cells, more complex

37
Q

Why is DNA compacted into chromosomes?

A

So that the entire thing can fit into the cell/nucleus
The chromosome structure protects the DNA from damage since exposed
DNA is unstable
Chromosomes are easily separated and sent to each daughter cell during cell division

38
Q

What are histones? Why is that their charge?

A

Basic positively charged proteins that DNA winds around
Charged positive because
DNA is negative

39
Q

What are nucelosome

A

Histone octamers (8 histones tied together)

40
Q

What does histone 1 do?

A

Binds nucleosomes and linker DNA to form 30nm
chromatin fibre

41
Q

Do prokaryotes have histones?

A

No, but they do have some positively charge proteins associated with DNA

42
Q

Why do bacterial chromosomes not need to be as compact as
eukaryote chromosome?

A

genome size in eukaryotes is higher, so it needs more compact chromosome
genome in prokaryotes is less so it doesn’t need to compact chromosomes as much.

43
Q

What is euchromatin, why is it a thing?

A

It is regions of lower dna compaction where the genes are actively expressed
It’s a thing because dna packing across the chromosome is not uniform

44
Q

What is heterochromatin, why is it a thing

A

is regions of higher dna compaction where the genes expression are silenced
It’ silenced because the dna needs to be unzipped to be transcribed. If it’s too compact, proteins can’t get in and expresses gene

45
Q

What is constitutive heterochromatin?

A

Regions Wherethe dna is always highly compacted

(Centromeres and subtelomric regions)

46
Q

What is facultative heterochromatin?

A

When the regions can switch to euchromatin depending on cell type and during development

Bio 243 (8 decks)

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