Theme 1- Political and Governmental Change 1918-1933 Flashcards
What happened after the Holy Roman Empire collapsed?
The 39 German states were grouped together as the German Confederation. In the years that followed, Germany and Austria competed for the leadership of this confederation.
What did Otto von Bismarck do?
From 1862 he worked to exclude Austria from German affairs and set out to unify the remaining German states under Prussian leadership. In January 1871, King Wilhelm 1 of Prussia was proclaimed Kaiser of Germany and this empire was known as the Second Reich.
What were the powers of the Kaiser like in the Second Reich?
Was a hereditary monarch who appointed and dismissed the government. Could dissolve the Reichstag and controlled foreign policy and the armed forces.
What were the powers of the Reichstag like in the Second Reich?
Members were elected by universal male suffrage and could agree to or reject laws proposed by the Kaiser of government. Could not remove the Chancellor or the government.
What was the Reichsrat?
An assembly of ambassadors from the 26 state governments and had veto on legislation passed by the Reichstag.
What type of regime was the Second Reich?
Semi-absolutist as the Reichstag didn’t control the government but the government had to cooperate with the Reichstag or its legislation wouldn’t be passed.
What was the ‘revolution from above’?
The Kaiser abdicated and a new government led by Prince Max of Baden was created. It was hoped that this new democratic government would encourage sympathy from the Allies so Germany would be treated more fairly in the peace negotiations.
What was the ‘revolution from below’?
Defeat and economic crisis led to a mutiny in the German fleet and it quickly spread to Germany’s major cities. They demanded that the Kaiser abdicate as he wasn’t trusted to negotiate a fair peace.
What were the other reasons why a new constitution was necessary?
Germany’s main political parties demanded a new constitution which gave them a greater say in the management of the country.
The military agreed to a new constitution as they hoped that the new government would be blamed for losing the war instead of them.
What was significant about Germany’s political parties?
There were a large number of them with some very extreme anti-republican parties (KPD, NSDAP) as well as quite a few central parties (SPD, DPP) that supported the republic.
When was the Weimar Constitution adopted?
31st July 1919
What were the main similarities between the old constitution and the Weimar Constitution?
- The Head of State could appoint and dismiss Chancellor and other members.
- Head of State could rule without the Reichstag in an emergency (Article 48)
- Laws needed the approval of the majority of Reichstag deputies.
What were the main differences between the old constitution and the Weimar Constitution?
- The Head of State now had to be elected.
- The Chancellor and other ministers were now responsible to the Reichstag.
- All women and men over 20 could vote.
- Reichsrat could now be overruled by the Reichstag.
- Social rights introduced as well as ‘All Germans equal before the law’.
Overall did the constitution change a lot or not?
It was quite a major change with the Reichstag gaining more power and the head of state being elected although most powers of the head of state remained the same.
What was the voting system of the Weimar Republic?
Proportional representation.