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Bio 1A03 > theme 1 module 3 > Flashcards

theme 1 module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Porin proteins?

A

Porin proteins are important for
transport of water for example across the cell
membrane and have a structural hydrophilic pore
that allows for this to occur

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2
Q

Most soluble cellular proteins take on a more __________ shape with a hydrophobic interior and a hydrophilic exterior

A

globular

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3
Q

How do scientists represent protein structures?
there are two names

A

Scientists represent protein structures using models like the space-filling model and ribbon diagram

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4
Q

What does the space-filling model represent?

A

The space-filling model shows the actual relative size and location of each atom, representing atoms with different colors

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5
Q

What does the ribbon diagram represent?

A

The ribbon diagram represents the backbone of the protein polymer, with broader lines for alpha helices and thinner lines for less ordered loops

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6
Q

What is the first step of protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

The first step is to transcribe genetic information into RNA.

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7
Q

In prokaryotic cells, RNA translation into proteins is closely linked with

A

ribosomes

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8
Q

Where is RNA processed in eukaryotic cells before being translated into proteins?

A

RNA is processed in the nucleus and then transported to the cytoplasm

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9
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?

A

The nucleolus is where ribosomal RNA molecules are transcribed, which are important components of ribosomes

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10
Q

What surrounds the nucleus and encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells?

A

The double-membraned nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and encloses the genetic material

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11
Q

Most ribosomal RNAs are manufactured in the __________, where they bind to proteins to form ribosomal subunits

A

nucleolus

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12
Q

What allows transcribed RNA to exit the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pore complexes allow transcribed RNA to exit the nucleus for further processing

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13
Q

Nuclear pores not only export RNA and ribosomes, but also import important __________ and __________ for DNA and RNA synthesis

A

building blocks of DNA, RNA

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14
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes, and where do they function?

A

Free ribosomes remain soluble in the cytoplasm, while bound ribosomes attach to the endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

What are the two possible fates of proteins produced by ribosomes?

A

Proteins produced by ribosomes are either destined for different parts of the cell or for secretion

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16
Q

What is the source of all proteins produced by cells?

A

All proteins are derived from 20 core amino acids.

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17
Q

Each amino acid has a central carbon atom bound to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable______

A

side chain (R)

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18
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

polypeptide is a strand of amino acids covalently bound to one another through a condensation reaction

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19
Q

A condensation reaction forms a polypeptide by releasing __________, while hydrolysis breaks the bond by adding __________

A

water, water

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20
Q

What catalyzes the condensation reactions that join amino acids during translation?

A

Ribosomes catalyze the condensation reactions that join amino acids

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21
Q

What determines the specific sequence of the amino acid polymer during translation?

A

The specific sequence is determined by translating the information in the messenger RNA (mRNA).

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22
Q

During translation, __________ carries the appropriate amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

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23
Q

What forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another during translation?

A

A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another

24
Q

What determines the distinct properties of each amino acid incorporated into a polypeptide?

A

The distinct properties are determined by the specific variable side chain (R group) of the amino acid

25
Q

The interactions between amino acid side chains allow the formation of a stable three-dimensional shape called a

A

protein

26
Q

What is the function of proteins that are transported through nuclear pores into the nucleus?

A

These proteins act as histone proteins or transcription factors.

27
Q

Proteins synthesized by free ribosomes can be targeted to organelles like the __________ or __________ to serve roles such as membrane proteins

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts

28
Q

Proteins synthesized by bound ribosomes continue through the ER and fold in the aqueous environment of the

A

lumen of the ER

29
Q

What is an alpha helix?

A

An alpha helix is a secondary structure of a protein

30
Q

Peptide bonds are covalent bonds that form between the __________ of one amino acid and the __________ of another

A

amino group, carboxyl group

31
Q

How are alpha helices stabilized?

A

Alpha helices are stabilized by hydrogen bonds that form between the carbonyl of the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amide of the amino group of another amino acid four positions away

32
Q

What is the role of R-groups (side chains) in an alpha helix?

A

R-groups stick out from the helix and their properties determine the overall properties of the alpha helix

33
Q

Beta-pleated sheets are another type of __________ structure, made up of parallel protein strands with hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent strands

A

secondary

34
Q

How do beta pleated sheets differ from alpha helices?

A

Beta pleated sheets consist of parallel protein strands with hydrogen bonds between adjacent strands, creating a pleated structure, while alpha helices form a spiral or coil with hydrogen bonds within the same strand

35
Q

What is the role of molecular chaperones in protein folding?

A

Molecular chaperones bind to hydrophobic regions of nascent polypeptides to prevent incorrect folding, allowing time for correct structure formation.

36
Q

What are chaperonins?

A

Chaperonins are large molecular complexes that create isolation chambers for single nascent proteins, allowing them to fold without interference from other proteins

37
Q

What determines the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

tertiary structure is determined by interactions between the R groups (side chains) of the amino acids.

38
Q

The quaternary structure of a protein involves the association of different __________ to form a fully functional protein

A

polypeptide subunits

39
Q

See the function of (SRPwhich then binds to a signal recognition
G-SRPparticle receptor (SRPR) in the ER membrane

A

GOOGLE

40
Q

What happens to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) before they are sent to their final destination?

A

Proteins may undergo glycosylation, where carbohydrate chains are added, contributing to stability, folding, and cell-cell recognition

41
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

Glycosylation is the addition of one or more carbohydrate chains to proteins

42
Q

After the ER, proteins are transported to the __________ in vesicles that bud off from the ER.

A

Golgi apparatus

43
Q

Where do proteins go after the Golgi apparatus?

A

Proteins can be sent to the cell membrane, secreted out of the cell, or directed to organelles such as lysosomes, peroxisomes, or vacuoles

43
Q

What modifications occur in the Golgi apparatus?

A

Further protein modifications, including the addition of carbohydrate groups.

44
Q

“Each protein that exits the Golgi apparatus has a specific __________ that allows it to be packaged into transport vesicles.”

A

tag (TAG)

45
Q

What role do transport vesicles play in protein sorting?

A

Transport vesicles have their own tags that help them deliver proteins to specific destinations like the cell membrane or lysosomes

46
Q

What happens when vesicles reach their target destination?

A

The vesicle’s phospholipid bilayer fuses with that of the target membrane, releasing soluble proteins or embedding transmembrane proteins

47
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cellular transport?

A

The cytoskeleton maintains and changes cell shape and acts as a network of fibers for transporting vesicles

48
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Microtubules are protein polymers that form long fibers acting as cellular roadways for vesicle transport

49
Q

How do motor proteins like kinesin and dynein function?

A

These proteins attach to transport vesicles and move along microtubules using energy from ATP hydrolysis

50
Q

What is the relationship between protein structure and function?

A

The structure of a protein, including its shape and composition, determines its function in the cell

51
Q

Where are proteins destined for mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes synthesized?

A

They are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol

52
Q

What are aquaporins and their function?

A

Aquaporins are proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that facilitate the movement of water across the cell membrane

53
Q

Describe the structural organization of aquaporins

A

Aquaporins are made up of four protein subunits (tetrameric), with each subunit containing membrane-spanning alpha-helices that form a central pore

54
Q

How do aquaporins transport water?

A

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic amino acid side groups in the channel without changing the shape of the protein

55
Q

What genetic condition is associated with a malfunctioning CFTR protein?

A

Cystic fibrosis, which leads to mucus accumulation in organs and can cause respiratory infections

Bio 1A03 (5 decks)

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