Theme 1 module 1

Question 1

How many cells human body have?

Answer 1

10 trillion

Question 2

define eukaryotic

Answer 2

Cells that have nucleus that contain most of the genetic materials

Question 3

Give a simple defenation of Porokaryotic cells

Answer 3

Cells that do not contain true nucleus

Question 4

How many times there are bacterial cells in human body compare to our own cells?

Answer 4

10 Times

Question 5

How many percentage of our body mass is bacterial cells?

Answer 5

2-3%

Question 6

Define the term Microbiome

Answer 6

The population of microbiotic organism within our body

Question 7

Define microorganism

Answer 7

Organism that are not visible to eye but only visible under microscope

Question 8

The microbiome includes prokaryotic bacteria and fill the blank cells

Answer 8

small eukarytic

Question 9

How many dicticntic species of microbes live on and in human body?

Answer 9

About 10,000

Question 10

Define the function of Streptococcus Salivarius

Answer 10

Streptococcus Salivarius
Normal inhabitant of upper respiratory tract and oral cavity that contirbute to formation of dental plaque
First microbe to colonize germ-free newborn oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract

Question 11

Define the function of Staphylococcus Hamolyticus

Answer 11

Staphylococcus Haemolyticus
Reside on skin
If its stay there is harmless but if it get in body it can become pathogenic

Question 12

Define the function of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

Answer 12

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Is predominant intestinal bacteria
Makes enzyme that are useful for breakdown of plant materials that we ingest like oat fibre

Question 13

All cells are surrounded by ______ that contain phospholipids

Answer 13

Membrane

Question 14

What is cells?

Answer 14

Cell is membrane bound structure contain macromolecules

Question 15

Define 4 class of macromolecules

Answer 15

Proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids and carbohydrate (polysaccrides)

Question 16

What is the most important ability of a cell?

Answer 16

Seprate its internal environment from external surroundings

Question 17

Cell membrane is made up of ______ macromolucules

Answer 17

Lipid

Question 18

Lipid bilayer have _____ central and ______ head

Answer 18

Water hating (hydrophobic) and water loving (hydrophilic)

Question 19

Cell membrane are thin or thick?

Answer 19

Thin

Question 20

What is the main componetet of cell membrane?

Answer 20

Phospholipids

Question 21

Explain the stuructire of phospholipids?

Answer 21

2 Fatty acids tail, glycerol, phospahte

Question 22

Define amphipathic

Answer 22

Having two properties like phospholipidis that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 23

How many hydrocarbon is in each phospholipids tail?

Answer 23

16-18 carbons in single chain

Question 24

Why having lipid micelles is imporant and how they form?

Answer 24

they form spontaneously without use of any energy and they are very useful for absorbation of fat soluable vitamin and complex in human body

Question 25

Are phopspholipds stationary?

Answer 25

no, they can move laterally, but they cant flip without use of great deal of enegry

Question 26

what are the factors affecting the membrane fluidity

Answer 26

Factor 1) The number of carbons in a
hydrocarbon chain varies: typically, there are 16
or 18 carbons. The longer chains pack together
more tightly than the shorter chains, reducing the
fluidity of the membrane.

Factor 2) Double bonds within a hydrocarbon tail
produce kinks or bends in the chain. This has the
effect of pushing neighbouring phospholipids
further apart and increasing fluidity. In this figure,
we can see an example of how unsaturated fatty
acid tails can lead to “kinks” in hydrophobic tails
that affect overall permeability.

Factor 3) External environmental factors such as
temperature can also influence membrane
permeability. Higher temperatures promote
fluidity, while lower temperatures decrease
fluidity. Interestingly, cold-adapted organisms
tend to have more UNSATURATED
phospholipids in their membranes that help to
maintain fluidity.

Factor 4) Steroids such as cholesterol are found
in the membranes of every cell in our body,
making up about 50% of the molecules found in
the bilipid membranes. A bilipid membrane
containing just phospholipids is actually TOO
fluid. Cholesterol molecules constrain fluidity of
the membrane by packing closely to neighbouring
phospholipids. At low temperatures, phospholipid
bilayers behave like many other fats; they begin
to solidify. At these lower temperatures,
cholesterol helps to maintain fluidity by keeping
the phospholipids apart from one another

Question 26

what is term for region with lower fluidity?

Answer 26

lipid raft and it can sequester or hold
macromolecules together in the membrane

Question 27

What factors contribute to this variation in fluidity?

Answer 27

region of the lipid raft is
taller, this is due to the longer phospholipid
hydrocarbon tails. The phospholipid tails are
straight rather than kinked because they are
saturated. This allows the phospholipids to pack
together lowering the fluidity making it possible to
hold the macromolecules in the raft. A higher
concentration of cholesterol decreases fluidity
within the microdomain of the lipid raft

Question 27

Define selective permeable

Answer 27

ability of cell membranes to control the traffic
of substances into and out of the cell

Question 28

What are the things that can pass through processes of Diffusion

Answer 28

Small molecules and ions can cross the
membrane along a concentration gradient (that
is, from areas of high to low concentration)
through the process of diffusion

Question 29

What molecules can pass through phospholipid bilayer pretty quickly?

Answer 29

small and non-polar molecules or hydrophobic
molecules can pass through the phospholipid
bilayers relatively quickly

Question 30

What substances have great diffuctily passing across lipid bilayer?

Answer 30

CHARGED and
LARGER POLAR substances have great difficulty
in moving across the lipid bilayer of the cell
membrane

Question 31

We know that cell membranes are not exclusively made off of macromolecules so tell me what else they are actually made of?

Answer 31

They are actually are mosaic of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Cell membrane always contain protein, and most also contain carbohydrates that can attach to lipids or protein.

Question 32

What the type of transport in cells? there is two

Answer 32

Passive (direction of gradient) and Active (Agianst conc gradient)

Question 33

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 33

involves the movement of small molecules in the direction of a concentration
gradient. The process involves the molecule
coming in contact with and crossing the phospholipid bilayer

Question 34

What is Passive transport?

Answer 34

also the movement of small
molecules with the concentration gradient but
involves proteins embedded in the cell membrane
and does not require energy

Question 35

What is active transport

Answer 35

this is the movement of molecules against a
concentration gradient. It involves proteins
embedded in the cell membrane which require
energy from adenosine triphosphate or ATP to drive transport

Question 36

What are the things that use passive transport?

Answer 36

lipid-soluble molecules,
gases, uncharged polar molecules and even
some water across the cell

Question 37

What does the movement of water across membrane called?

Answer 37

is a type of passive transport called osmosis

Question 38

Water is able to move across the membrane much faster through ______ at what rate faster?

Answer 38

aquaporin, 10 times the rate that water
takes to move directly through the phospholipid
bilayer and there is no use of energy

Question 39

What is isotonic environment?

Answer 39

a cell is in an environment or has an extracellular fluid concentration with the
same osmolarity as its interior. In this situation,
there is no net movement of water, and the cell
can retain its cell shape and optimal cellular
activities

Question 40

What is hypotonic environment?

Answer 40

extracellular fluid that has a lower solute
concentration than the inside of the cell, and
there is a net movement of water down its
concentration gradient. This results in excessive
movement of water into the cell and leads to cell
“swelling” or even bursting

Question 41

What is hypertonic environment?

Answer 41

that is an environment
with a higher solute concentration on the exterior
of the cell relative to the interior of the cell can
lead to the net loss of water from the cell interior
towards the exterior environment

Question 42

Explain PRIMARY active transport?

Answer 42

transmembrane transport protein is
directly affected by the energy released from ATP
hydrolysis and thus undergoes a conformational
change to “pump” the substance across the
membrane against a concentration gradient

which is generally provided by the hydrolysis of
ATP molecules on the intracellular side of the
cell