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Module 104: Nutrition, Metabolism and Excretion > Theme 1: Lecture 2 - Understanding the peritoneal cavity > Flashcards

Theme 1: Lecture 2 - Understanding the peritoneal cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Which stage is the embryo in when the gut starts to develop

A

Gastrula

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2
Q

Gastrula

A

The embryo at the stage following the blastula

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3
Q

Which parts of the alimentary system develop from the endoderm

A

majority of gut, including most of epithelium and glands of digestive tract

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4
Q

Which parts of the alimentary system develop from the mesoderm

A

Muscular layers

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5
Q

Which parts of the alimentary system develop from the ectoderm

A

Epithelium at the extremities of tract (cranial and caudal)

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6
Q

Describe the primitive gut

A

Formed as a result of two folds:

  • Cranial caudal (head to tail)
  • Lateral (side to side

At 4 weeks the cranial ad caudal ends are still closed by membranes:

  • Bucco-pharyngeal at the cranial end
  • Cloacal at the caudal end (urinary and digestive tract not yet separate)

Held in position by mesenteries

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7
Q

What is in the foregut

A
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Proximal half of duodenum
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
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8
Q

What is in the midgut

A
  • Distal half of duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Cecum
  • Ascending and 3/4 of transverse colon
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9
Q

What is in the hindgut

A
  • 1/4 of transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
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10
Q

What is the cecum

A

The beginning of the large intestine where the ileum meets the ascending colon

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11
Q

Describe the mesentery

A
  • Mesentery – formed by a double layer of peritoneum
  • Mesentery – dorsal or ventral according to its relative position with respect to gut tube
  • Suspends gut organs
  • Pathway for blood innervation and lymphatics to reach the gut
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12
Q

What happens to the ventral mesentery during development

A

It degenerates apart from in the foregut

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13
Q

Why doesn’t the ventral mesentery degenerate in the foregut

A

It allows for more mobility in the intestines

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14
Q

Describe an anomaly of gut rotation

A
  • Duodenum constriction

- Midgut volvulus, leading to ischaemia, necrosis or possibly death

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15
Q

What is a volvulus

A

A volvulus is when a loop of intestine twists around itself and the mesentery that supports it, resulting in a bowel obstruction

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16
Q

Common symptoms of anomaly of gut rotation

A
  • Vomiting
  • Pain
  • Abdominal distention
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17
Q

What does the dorsal mesentery do

A

Attaches gut organs to posterior abdominal wall

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18
Q

What does the dorsal mesentery give rise too

A
  • Gastrosplenic ligament
  • Lienorenal ligament
  • Greater omentum
  • Mesentery of small and large intestine
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19
Q

What does the ventral mesentery give rise to

A
  • Ligaments around the liver
  • Falciform ligament
  • Lesser omentum
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20
Q

What is the greater omentum

A

large apron-like fold of visceral peritoneum that hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach

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21
Q

What is the gastrosplenic ligament

A

connects the greater curvature of stomach with the hilum of the spleen

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22
Q

What is the falciform ligament

A

a ligament that attaches the liver to the front body wall, and separates the liver into the left medial lobe and right lateral lobe

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23
Q

Describe the lesser omentum

A
  • Attaches lesser curvature of stomach to back of liver

- Has a free edge

24
Q

What is the inguinal ligament

A

Ligament that runs from the ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) to the pubic tubercle on the pelvis

25
Q

What makes up the external abdominal wall

A
  • Flat abdominal muscles (anteriorly)

- Lumber vertebral column (posteriorly)

26
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

A
  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transversus abdominis
  • Rectus abdominis
27
Q

Origin and insertion of the external oblique muscles

A 
Runs: anteriorly and inferiorly
From: outer surface of lower eight ribs
To: 	linea alba
	iliac crest
	pubic tubercle
28
Q

Origin and insertion of the internal oblique muscles

A 
Runs: anteriorly and superiorly  
From: lat 1/3 inguinal ligament
	  ant 2/3 of iliac crest
To: linea alba
      costal margin
      crest of pubic bone
29
Q

Origin and insertion of the transverse abdominis muscles

A 
Runs: horizontally 
From: lat 1/3 inguinal ligament
	   int surf lower 6 ribs
	   iliac crest
To: 	linea alba
	crest of pubic bone
30
Q

Origin and insertion of the rectus abdominis muscles

A

Runs: vertically
From: pubic symphysis + crest
To: xyphoid process
5th-7th costal cartilages

31
Q

Linea alba

A

a tendinous, fibrous raphe that runs vertically down the midline of the abdomen. It extends between the inferior limit of the sternum and the pubis, separating the rectus abdominis muscles

32
Q

Iliac crest

A

the most prominent part of the ilium, the largest of the three bones that make up the bony pelvis or hip bone

33
Q

Pubic tubercule

A

The pubic tubercle is a prominent forward-projecting tubercle on the upper border of the medial portion of the superior ramus of the pubis bone

34
Q

Costal margin

A

The costal margin is the medial margin formed by the cartilages of the seventh to tenth ribs. It attaches to the manubrium and xiphoid process of the sternum

35
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

The pubic symphysis is a secondary cartilaginous joint between the left and right superior rami of the pubis of the hip bone

36
Q

Arterial supply for the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

A

Sup and Inf epigastric, intercostal, circumflex iliac

37
Q

Venous supply for the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

A

thoracoepigastric (between lat thoracic and Superficial epigastric)

38
Q

Innervation of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

A

Thoracoabdominal nerves (also thoracic and subcostal nerves for rectus abdominis)

39
Q

Function of the external obliques

A

Work with internal obliques for torsional movement of trunk

40
Q

Function of the internal obliques

A
  • Flex and rotate trunk

- Compress viscera

41
Q

Function of the transverse abdominis

A

Compress and support viscera

42
Q

Function of the rectus abdominis

A
  • Flexes trunk

- Compress viscera

43
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Behind the peritoneum

44
Q

Name a retroperitoneal organ

A

The kidneys

45
Q

Greater and lesser sacs

A
  • The peritoneum can be divided into a greater and lesser peritoneal sac
  • They are formed as a result of organ rotation
46
Q

Lesser sac

A
  • The area behind the stomach

- Also known as the omental bursa

47
Q

Greater sac

A

All the peritoneal cavity excluding the area behind the stomach

48
Q

How do the greater and lesser sac communicate

A

Via the epiploic foramen (aka foramen of Winslow)

49
Q

What does the inguinal canal serve as a passageway for

A
  • spermatic cord to reach the scrotum in the male
  • the round ligament of the uterus to reach the labia majora in the female
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • The genital nerve
50
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal

A

The superficial and deep inguinal rings

51
Q

Which nerve travels through the inguinal canal

A

The genital nerve (a branch of the genitofemoral)

52
Q

Is the inguinal canal larger in males or females

A

Males

53
Q

What does the spermatic cord consist of

A
  • Vas deferens
  • Gonadal vessels
  • Nerves
  • Lymphatics
  • Cremaster muscle
54
Q

Vas deferens

A

Vessel that carries sperm from the testes and through the urethra

55
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Helps move sperm through the vas deferens and can move the testes closer to the body

56
Q

Describe the layers of the spermatic cord and how they arise

A

As the spermatic cord passes through the abdominal wall it takes a sleeve or covering from each of the 3 layers:

  • transversalis fascia => contributes the innermost covering of the spermatic cord – the internal spermatic fascia
  • internal oblique => contributes the middle covering layer to the cord – the cremasteric fascia
  • the external oblique => contributes the outer covering of the cord – the external spermatic fascia

Module 104: Nutrition, Metabolism and Excretion (23 decks)

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