Theme 1 - Introduction to Markets and Market Failure (1.4 - Government Intervention) Flashcards
What is the purpose of government intervention? [1]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention
To correct any present market failure in an economy. [1]
State and describe 2 types of indirect tax. [4]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention
Unit tax [1] - A levy set on a good/service at a constant amount per item. [1]
Ad Valorem tax [1] - A levy set on a good/service set as a % of a price (e.g. VAT) [1]
How would taxation work to solve market failure in an economy? [4]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention
Setting tax = to the negative production externality [1] would cause increases in CoP, so MPC shifts inwards [1], forcing producers to produce at the social optimum [1] where there is lower demand for demerit goods, so production falls. [1]
Explain why indirect taxation may not solve market failure. [2]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention
- If consumer good is inelastic, consumers may still accept higher price of Pe2 [1] so production of demerit goods continues, therefore negative production externality remains. [1]
What is a subsidy? [1]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention
Money from the government to a producer to encourage production + reduce price of goods. [1]
How would the distribution of subsidies work to solve market failure? [4]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention
Subsidising goods will increase quantity and reduce cost [1] so supply will shift inwards to the right. [1] This means that the good may be consumed more, [1] therefore increasing the external benefits associated with that good. [1]
On a S&D diagram, how does a subsidy work to reduce market failure? [2]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention
1
(Ref - Figure 1 Page 30)
- Price of a good decreases to (Z) [1]
- Producers are incentivized to increase production by a subsidy, shown by Q1 to Q2 [1]
Describe 2 advantages of subsidies in solving market failure. [4]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention
- Increased consumption of goods with external benefits [1] works to solve market failure. [1]
- Subsidies improve purchasing power for those on low incomes [1] as goods with external benefits have lower prices. [1]
What is a Tradeable Pollution Permit? [1]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention in Markets
A permit which limits the amount of carbon emissions in relation to the amount of permits a firm has. [1]
How do tradable pollution permits work to solve market failure? [2]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention in Markets
- Total number of permits available determine the level of pollution the government wants (e.g. social optimum). [1]
- Permits are tradable between firms, who may sell them to firms who pollute more. [1]
On an externality diagram, explain how permits work to solve market failure. [3]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention in Markets
- Permits create a social optimum at Q* [1]
- Therefore quantity of pollution is limited to the social optimum at Q* [1]
- So firms costs will rise to Pe2 as a result [1]
(Page 31 - Diagram)
Explain why tradable pollution permits may not solve market failure. [2]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention in Markets
- Heavy polluting firms can push costs to consumers if demand is inelastic for their goods, [1] allowing them to pollute more by buying more permits. [1]
What is a regulation? [1]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention in Markets
Rules, laws, and restrictions imposed by the government. [1]
State 2 types of regulation. [2]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention in Markets
- Quotas [1]
- Bans [1]
Describe how quotas work to solve market failure, and give an example of a quota. [3]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention in Markets
- A quota is a limit put in place by the government. [1]
- This can reduce any external costs/overproduction of a good/service. [1]
- e.g. quotas put on fishing to reduce over-fishing. [1]
Explain why regulations may not solve market failure. [2]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention in Markets
Large amounts of corruption e.g. bribery [1] can mean that quotas are bypassed, so negative externalities continue to be overproduced. [1]
What is meant by the Provision of Information? [1]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention in Markets
Information provided to an uninformed party to allow rational decisions. [1]
Describe 2 examples of information being provided to an uninformed party. [4]
Ref - 1.4.1 - Government Intervention in Markets
Health Campaigns [1] - e.g. informing the public about the dangers of smoking through advertisments and posters. [1]
Information on sale [1] - e.g. the amount of calories a food contains is stated clearly on the label for the consumer. [1]