Theme 1 - Introduction to Markets and Market Failure (1.2 - How Markets Work) Flashcards
Describe the Neo-Classical theory [1]
Ref - 1.2.1 - Rational Decision Making
The assumption that all economic agents will act rationally to maximise their benefits or utility. [1]
What is meant by consumer utility? [1]
Ref - 1.2.1 - Rational Decision Making
The satisfaction derived from consuming specific goods. [1]
What is the theory of Maximisation? [1]
Ref - 1.2.1 - Rational Decision Making
When economic agents act in a way to increase their net benefits. [1]
Describe 2 examples in which economic agents agree with the theory of Maximisation [4]
Ref - 1.2.1 - Rational Decision Making
Consumers are assumed to maximise their consumer utility [1], so they must compare the utility gained from consuming a unit to it’s opportunity cost. [1]
Workers are assumed to maximise their welfare at work [1], so they must consider factors such as pay and job security. [1]
What is meant by “the margin”? [1]
Ref - 1.2.1 - Rational Decision Making
The assumption that a decision made by an economic agent is made in isolation, without other influencing factors. [1]
Define demand [1]
Ref - 1.2.2 - Demand
The quantity of goods and services that is bought at a given price over a period of time. [1]
Describe the general shape of a demand curve [2]
Ref - 1.2.2 - Demand
Slopes from the top of the graph to the bottom. [1]
The lower the price, the higher the demand. [1]
What are the terms used to describe a rise and fall in demand? [2]
Ref - 1.2.2 - Demand
Rise - Extension of demand [1]
Fall - Contraction of demand [1]
Explain 2 conditions of demand which changes the level of demand [4]
Ref - 1.2.2 - Demand
Income - A rise in income will lead to a rise in demand [1] as consumer have more disposable income to use for consumption. [1]
Price of goods - If the prices of goods increase, demand decreases [1] as less consumers are willing to buy the good at the given price. [1]
Describe 2 other factors which affect demand [2]
Ref - 1.2.2 - Demand
Advertising - Advertising can powerfully influence consumer choice and demand [1]
Population - An increasing population will demand more goods to survive. [1]
State the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility. [1]
Ref - 1.2.2 - Demand
The utility gained from consuming a specific good falls the greater the number consumed [1]
Describe how the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility works in real life [2]
Ref - 1.2.2 - Demand
The more avaliable a good, the less marginal utility is provides [1], as consumers are likely to have consumed the same good already [1]. (e.g. chocolate)
Define consumer surplus [1]
Ref - 1.2.2 - Demand
The difference between how much buyers are prepared to pay, and what they actually pay. [1]
Explain how other consumer’s behaviours may influence consumer behaviour [2]
Ref - 1.2.10 - Alternative Views of Consumer Behavior
Consumer may adhere to social normalities in order to “fit in” [1], therefore they are more likely to act irrationally in consumption. [1]
Explain how habitual behaviour can influence consumer behaviour [3]
Ref - 1.2.10 - Alternative Views of Consumer Behavior
Many consumer may be addicted to substances such as alcohol [1], therefore they may act irrationally and buy more alcohol instead [1], therefore alcohol is price inelastic. [1]
State and define the 2 other types of demand. [2]
Ref - 1.2.2 - Demand
Joint Demand - An increase in demand for one good, rises demand for another good. [1]
Competitive Demand - When demand increases for one good, demand decreases for another. [1]
State what is meant by supply. [1]
Ref - 1.2.4 - Supply
The amount of goods firms are willing and able to sell at a given price. [1]
Describe the shape of a supply curve. [2]
Ref - 1.2.4 - Supply
Directly proportional relationship. [1]
Curves from left to right. [1]
Explain one reason for the shape of a supply curve. [2]
Ref - 1.2.4 - Supply
When market prices rises due to more demand, [1] this motivates firms to increase their output. [1]
Explain 2 reasons why the supply curve may shift. [4]
Ref - 1.2.4 - Supply
Higher costs of production decrease supply, [1] as there is less incentive to supply in a market with low profits. [1]
Better technology can improve productivity by improving capital [1], therefore reduce production costs and increase supply. [1]
State and describe the 2 types of supply. [2]
Ref - 1.2.4 - Supply
Joint supply - When supply of one good increases, supply of another good also increases. [1]
Competitive supply - When the supply of one good increases, supply of another good will decreases. [1]
What is market equilibrium and how is it determined in an economy? [2]
Ref - 1.2.6 - Price Determination
Market equilibrium - Where:
- Demand = Supply [1]
Market equilibrium is where the demand and supply curves intersect in a diagram. [1]
Describe how excess supply is reached in an economy. [2]
Ref - 1.2.6 - Price Determination
When the price level is above equilibrium [1]
Demand would therefore expand and supply would contract until a new equilibrium is reached. [1]
Describe how excess demand is reached in an economy. [2]
Ref - 1.2.6 - Price Determination
Price level would be below equilibrium [1].
Supply would therefore expand and demand would contract until a new equilibrium is reached. [1]
What is meant by the price mechanism? [1]
Ref - 1.2.7 - Price Mechanism
Free markets allocating resources through interaction of demand and supply. [1]
