Thematic Essay 1855 - 1914: Id

Question 1

What was the ideology of AII and his ministers?

Answer 1

Alexander II was more radical and liberal than any other for his time.
Emancipated the serfs in 1864 which freed 23 million serfs - 34%. Had obligation years drag on and controlling Mir but had more freedom.
War minister Milutin in 1861. Lessened compulsory years, junker schools, incentives to be educated and reserve army.
Reutern (1862-1878) began railway construction. A sevenfold increase, unified treasure and wanted to grow industry.
1865 press laws which made press more lax.
Schools now under a minister of education instead of church. 1863 Uni regulations and 2000 woman in unis by 1881.
Biggest leniency with absolute autocracy and tsarism.

Question 2

What was the ideology of AIII and his ministers?

Answer 2

Was very traditionalist.
Reversed a lot of his fathers liberal changes.
1881 ‘Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy’ put absolute power back into tsar and rid of hope for any Loris-Mendelov institution. Very counter reform and highly influenced in Pobedonostsev.
1889 Land Captains appointed by Minister of Interior and nobility who had rights to overrule peasents.
1890 Zemstvo Act where the Russian government wanted to bring the zemstva under direct control.
Had no leniency in Tsarism or autocracy rule.
Pobedonostsev was a tutor to AIII and believes in absolute autocratic monarchy power. Helped with the 1881 manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy.

Question 3

What was the ideology of Nicholas II and his minsters?

Answer 3

Nicholas was not prepped to rule and showed in his meagre and weak reforms.
Reform was needed but highly educated work force and growth of middle class meant opposition was growing.
Put a lot of effort into industrialisation by his finance minister Witte.
Allowed the October Manifesto 1905 which meant a Duma would be installed.