The Widening of the Cold war 1949-1955 Flashcards
Who took sole occupation of Japan after they surrendered at the end of WW2?
USA
What policy did the USA introduced to Japan in 1947?
‘reverse course’
What did the ‘reverse course’ policy mean?
-USA were not focused on the punishment of Japan
-Instead wanted emphasis on economic reconstruction to reach political stability
What was the central element of the USA’s planning for post-war Japan?
Economic stabilisation
What did the USA demand Japan join?
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
What does GATT stand for?
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
What was the purpose of GATT?
-To manage international trade
-Attempt to minimise tariffs and duties in order to maximise international trade
What treaty was agreed between Japan and the Allied powers?
The San Francisco Peace Treaty
When was the San Francisco Peace Treaty?
September 1951
How did the USSR and PRC react to the San Francisco Peace Treaty?
Refused to sign the agreement
What was US policy towards Japan up to 1954 driven by?
The threat of communism in Korea
What was US policy towards Japan after 1954?
Managing rearmament in order to avoid any consequences that might lead to instability
What was Acheson’s view on North Korea’s purpose in May 1951?
To destabilise Japan, Southeast Asia and the Philippines
What were US motives for involvement in the Korean War?
-Containment
-Protect Japan
How did America support South Korea in the Korean war?
-‘roll back’
-260,000 troops
What was USA’s main goal in the Korean war?
To protect South Korea
What was signed in July 1953?
Korean Armistice
Who signed the Korean Armistice?
-USA
-China
-North Korea
What was a significant delaying factor in the Korean Armistice?
Stalin
What was Acheson’s strategy in Asia known as?
Defensive Perimeter Strategy
What was the Defensive Perimeter Strategy?
Defined specific places that the USA must defend
Who did the US refuse entry into the UN?
China
What parts of Truman’s national security policy did Eisenhower accept in relation to Asia?
The USA must retain its influence in Asia
What conference took place in July 1954?
Geneva Conference
What was agreed at the Geneva Conference?
-Paved the way for a ceasefire in Vietnam
-Two zones to be created, separated by the 17th parallel
When did the USSR test its first nuclear weapon?
August 1949
Who were Japan prevented from trading with after signing GATT?
China
When was GATT signed?
30th October 1947
When did China form a military alliance with the USSR?
February 1950
Who was China’s communist leader when forming a military alliance with the USSR?
Mao Zedong
When did China join the Korean War?
November 1950
Who were China supporting in the Korean War?
North Korea
What actions led to the globalisation of containment?
-China and USSR forming a military alliance
-China joining the Korean War
Who was the Japanese Prime Minister wanting to negotiate a Second World War peace treaty with the USA?
Shigeru Yoshida
Why did Japan want to sign a peace treaty with the US?
-Restore Japan’s sovereignty
-Provide security for Japan
Why did the US want to sign a peace treaty with the US?
-US troops on Japanese territory
-Ultimately containment
What did the San Francisco Treaty not do?
-Place significant restrictions on Japan’s economy
-Place significant restrictions on its future political model
-Identify Japan’s responsibility for the war
-Restrict Japan’s future rearmament
-Impose reparation payments for those Southeast Asian states occupied by Japan during the war
What did the San Francisco Treaty do?
-Recognise the full sovereignty of the Japanese people
-Force Japan to renounce any claims to a wide range of neighbouring territories
What neighbouring countries were Japan forced to renounce any claims to?
-Korea
-Taiwan
-Kurile Islands
-Spratly Islands
-Paracel Islands
What bilateral security agreement did the US require Japan sign?
US-Japan Security Treaty
What did the US-Japan Security Treaty give the US?
-Unrestricted use of military bases in Japan
-Administrative control of Owkinawa
-The right to use military force to intervene any internal disorder in Japan
-The right to veto Japan offering military bases to other states
What did MacArthur order Japan to establish?
75,000 strong National Police Reserve (NPR)
What did Japan establish in August 1952?
National Safety Agency (NSA)
What was established in the National Safety Agency?
A force of 110,000 ground troops and 7600 maritime personnel
When did the US Joint Chiefs of Staff announce plans for a Japanese airforce?
November 1952
What did the US Joint Chiefs of Staff announce plans for regarding Japan in November 1952?
Japanese airforce
What was agreed regarding Japan in July 1954?
A new 140,000 strong Self-Defence Force should be created
How was the new Japanese Self-Defence Force supported?
-US funding of $240m
-Sale of US agricultural surplus to Japan
What were the two sides of the Chinese Civil War?
-Nationalists (Guomindang)
-Chinese communists
Who led the nationalists in the Chinese Civil War?
Chiang Kai Shek
Who led the Chinese communists in the Chinese Civil War?
Mao Zedong
Who won the Chinese Civil War in 1949?
Chinese communists
What left much of China without any form of control?
Defeat of Japan in WW2
What was communist control in China viewed as by the US?
-Evidence of Stalin’s work in spreading world communism
-A result of the failure of the US to send enough support to the Nationalists
