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History > The Origins Of The Cold War 1945-1949 > Flashcards

The Origins Of The Cold War 1945-1949 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Stalin’s post-WW2 foreign policy based on?

A

Aim of taking advantage of military situation in Europe to strengthen Soviet influence

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2
Q

What was Stalin trying to prevent with his post-WW2 foreign policy?

A

Another invasion from the West

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3
Q

What did Stalin’s post-WW2 foreign policy result in?

A

Establishing pro-soviet governments in as much of Eastern Europe as possible

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4
Q

How many times were Germany invaded from the West in the 20th century?

A

3 times

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5
Q

How many Soviet citizens were killed during the war?

A

Over 20 million

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6
Q

What did Churchill fear about America after WW2?

A

They would return to a policy of isolationism

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7
Q

How did Churchill feel about threats to Eastern Europe after WW2?

A

There was little the West could do to prevent Stalin doing as he wished

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8
Q

What personal agreement occurred between Churchill and Stalin in 1944?

A

Percentages Agreement

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9
Q

What agreements were made at the Percentages Agreement?

A

-USSR have 90% influence in Romania and 75% in Bulgaria
-Britain have 90% influence in Greece
-USSR and Britain share 50%-50% influence in Hungary and Yugoslavia

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10
Q

What stance did both Attlee and Truman take towards USSR when gaining leadership?

A

Hostility towards Stalin and USSR

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11
Q

What did Roosevelt see as the solution with Stalin in regards to post-war Eastern Europe?

A

-Had to reach some sort of working relationship with USSR
-Accommodation with Stalin was essential

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12
Q

What misinterpretation added to USA’s hostility towards the Soviet Union?

A

Soviet demand for security from further attack led them to interpret every action as part of USSR’s desire to dominate Europe and spread communism

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13
Q

What agreement promised that people of Europe could create democratic institutions of their own choice?

A

Declaration on Liberated Europe

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14
Q

Where was the Declaration of Liberated Europe created?

A

Yalta Conference

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15
Q

What did the Declaration on Liberated Europe promise?

A

People of Europe could created democratic institutions of their own choice

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16
Q

What sources of tension were there/ what was discussed at Yalta in relation to Europe?

A

-The Polish Question
-The German and Berlin Question
-Declaration on Liberated Europe

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17
Q

How far was the Polish Question resolved at Yalta?

A

-Oder-Neisse line new Western border of Poland after Yalta
-Curzon line new Eastern border
-Free elections in Poland

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18
Q

How far was the German and Berlin Question resolved at Yalta?

A

-Temporarily divide Berlin and Germany into 4 zones
-4 zones of occupation treated as single economic unit
-Each power able to take reparations from their own zone in terms of resources

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19
Q

What success was there at Potsdam in relation to Europe?

A

Some limited agreement in Germany
-Denazified, demilitarised

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20
Q

What failures were there at Potsdam?

A

Large disagreement over reparations
-USSR demanded $10b, ended up with less than 1% of request
High tensions over power vacuums
-Poland - London Poles (West) vs Lublin Committee (USSR)

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21
Q

What was Stalin’s primary motivation in Eastern Europe?

A

Safeguard Soviet international interests and Soviet territory

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22
Q

How did Stalin ensure Communist victory in Eastern European elections?

A

Manipulation of election results to ensure a communist victory

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23
Q

How did Stalin typically maintain control in Eastern Europe?

A

Pro-Stalinist puppet leaders

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24
Q

What were the aims of the Truman Doctrine?

A

-Prevent USSR from aiding Greek communists
-Protect democracy and freedom
-Demonise USSR and communism to American public
-Provoke USSR
-Develop global economic power
-Containment

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25
Q

What was the purpose of Cominform?

A

To unite and coordinate the role and actions of communist groups throughout Europe

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26
Q

When was Bizonia?

A

January 1947

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27
Q

What was USA’s initial approach to Europe?

A

Intention to work towards the reconstruction of a democratic region, whose members would be committed to mutual cooperation

28
Q

What prompted the Marshall Plan?

A

Clayton argued that without a substantial increase in aid from the USA, Europe would experience social, economic and political disintegration on a regional scale

29
Q

What was USA’s route into Europe?

A

Their ‘special relationship’ with Britain

30
Q

What were the conditions of receiving Marshall Aid?

A

-Some had to be spent on importing goods from the USA
-Required to share economic information with the USA

31
Q

How did the USSR view the Marshall Plan?

A

An undermining of their sphere of influence and their security

32
Q

What was the lasting impact of the Marshall Plan in Europe?

A

Accelerated the division of Europe and further undermined the possibility of cooperative international relations

33
Q

Who benefitted from the Marshall Plan?

A

Greece
-Nearly $700m of economic assistance
France
-$2.7b of economic assistance for keeping Communist threat under control
Yugoslavia
-More than $150m of aid

34
Q

When did the Berlin Blockade occur?

A

June 1948-May 1949

35
Q

What was the creation of the Berlin Blockade trying to prevent?

A

The creation of a separate West German state

36
Q

Why was NATO formed?

A

To reassure Western European states in the face of possible Soviet military aggression

37
Q

What was the Soviet response to NATO?

A

Argued that NATO was an aggressive organisation designed to pressurise states into complying with the West

38
Q

What were the two guiding values of Capitalism?

A

-Private Enterprise
-Liberal Democracy

39
Q

What were the two guiding values of Communism?

A

-State-owned economy
-One-party state

40
Q

What is private enterprise?

A

Businesses, factories and land owned by individuals with minimum government interference

41
Q

What is liberal democracy?

A

Political system where each person has freedom to vote, stand for election, speech, worship and press

42
Q

What is state-owned economy?

A

Economy where all industries and agriculture are owned by the government on behalf of the people

43
Q

What is a one-party state?

A

A political system where there is only one political party to represent the people

44
Q

Who was Vyacheslav Molotov?

A

Served as the Soviet Foreign Minister from 1939-1949 and 1953-1957

45
Q

What were Vyacheslav Molotov’s contributions to worldwide relations?

A

Attitudes were a driving force in collapse of East-West relations

46
Q

What was the strongest political party facing the Communists in Romania?

A

Agrarian Party

47
Q

Who led the Agrarian Party?

A

Nikola Petkov

48
Q

Where was the Agrarian Party?

A

Romania

49
Q

How did the USSR take political control in Romania?

A

-Petkov faced with trumped-up charges and executed
-His party was forcibly absorbed into the Bulgarian communist movement
-By April 1947, all other political parties had been banned

50
Q

When were all political parties banned in Romania?

A

April 1947

51
Q

Was was the initial communist tactic used in Hungary?

A

Allying with other political groups in order to challenge the power of their greatest opponent (The Smallholders Party)

52
Q

Who was the communists’ greatest political opponent in Hungary?

A

The Smallholders Party

53
Q

Who was executed in Hungary in 1949?

A

Laszlo Rajk - Hungarian communist leader

54
Q

Why was Laszlo Rajk executed in 1949?

A

For ‘anti-Soviet’ activities

55
Q

Who resigned in Czechoslovakia?

A

Edvard Beneš

56
Q

When did Beneš resign?

A

June 1948

57
Q

Who took control in Czechoslovakia after Beneš resigned?

A

Left the pro-Moscow communists in complete control

58
Q

Who was the leader of Yugoslavia?

A

Josip Broz Tito

59
Q

What was Yugoslavia expelled from in June 1948?

A

Cominform

60
Q

Why were Yugoslavia expelled from Cominform?

A

Refused to become Soviet puppets

61
Q

What were Yugoslavia leaders accused of?

A

Abandoning Marxist-Leninism

62
Q

How was Yugoslavia able to survive?

A

USA were willing to offer economic aid

63
Q

When was the ‘Iron Curtain’ speech?

A

March 1946

64
Q

What was the purpose of the ‘Iron Curtain’ speech?

A

Call for firmer action by the West against the threat of communism

65
Q

What was Stalin’s response to the ‘Iron Curtain’ speech?

A

Seeking Eastern European allies in order to reinforce the USSR’s security

History (4 decks)

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