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Viticulture/Vinification > The Vine > Flashcards

The Vine Flashcards

1
Q

What family is Vitis Vinifera from?

A

Vitaceae family - climbing plants

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2
Q

What are the structures of the Vitaceae family?

A 
Roots
Trunk and arms
Shoots
Nodes
Buds
Leaves
Petioles (leaf stalks)
Flowers
Tendrils
Berries
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3
Q

What is the function of roots?

A

Absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchor vine, store carbs for winter

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4
Q

What is the function of trunk and arms?

A

Enable vine to reach up to the sun and transport water and other things between roots leaves fruit. Can store carbs

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5
Q

What are shoots?

A

Structures that grow from buds and support leaves. When they go woody in the winter they become canes

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6
Q

What are nodes?

A

Bumps that segment the shoots. Leaves, flower bunches, and tendrils grow from nodes. Between the nodes are internodes

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7
Q

What are buds?

A

Form at the base of leaf stalks and allow shoot to grow. Prompt buds break in the year they are formed. Buds that break the following spring are latent.

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8
Q

What are petioles and what are they useful for

A

Leaf stalks. Analysis of these can determine vine nutrient requirements

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9
Q

What are flowers?

A

The hermaphroditic reproductive structures of the vine. Grouped in bunches called inflorescences.

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10
Q

How does a flower become a berry?

A

If a flower is successfully fertilized the flower ovary walls swell with water and sugar to form berry pulp.

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11
Q

What is the growth cycle of the vine?

A

Budburst: stimulated by warming temps (April/May or Sept/Oct)
Shoot growth: May-August or October-January
Flowering and fruit set: June/July or Nov/Dec. don’t want too much rain or wind.
Berry growth: July to Sept or dec to feb
Véraison: skins change color from green right before sugar accumulation
Wood ripening: Sep to Nov or Feb to April - carbs stored in canes trunk and roots for next year
Berry ripening and harvest: Sept to Nov or Feb to May (accumulate most sugar and ripen polyphenols)
Dormancy

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12
Q

What is floral initiation?

A

A process that occurs in dormant buds determining the max number of bunches per shoot for following year (June/July). Embryonuc flowers develop in dormant bud.must be sun temp and carbs

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13
Q

How does flowering work

A

Pollen germinates on stigma (female part) and grows in long tube to reach ovary

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14
Q

What is coulure?

A

Loose bunches with few berries. Caused by poor light

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15
Q

What is millerandage?

A

Mix of small and big berries in same bunch. Caused by low temps.

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16
Q

What is the life of a vine?

A

2-3yrs: trunk and permanent wood growing and starting training system. Remove berries to focus on vegetative growth
4 to 6 yrs: trunk and arms are thin so carb reserves are low which limits vigor. Good fruit to leaf balance
7-20: permanent wood thickens. Vine is most vigorous. Quality can drop

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17
Q

What happens to a vine over the years?

A

Winter pruning weakens it. Summer trimming can too. Vigor decreases, balance can be restored, but some rip out vines after 20 years.

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18
Q

What is the name of the original cultivated vines? Where were they from?

A

Vitis vinifera sativa. Transcaucasia.

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19
Q

Why and where did vine hybridization start?

A

In USA to combine the hardiness of American vines with the flavors of vinifera vines. It later occurred in Europe when trying to create rootstocks. Wanted to combine the resistance of some varieties with others for rootstock (v berlandieri with riparia and rupestris)

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20
Q

What did Europeans do to combat downy mildew in 1878?

A

Hybridized vinifera with American vines to resist mildew. Could be planted ungrafted. 30% of France hybrids by 1950s.

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21
Q

Crossing: petit bouschet

A

Aramon x Teinturier

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22
Q

Crossing: Alicante Bouschet

A

Petit Bouschet x Grenache

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23
Q

Crossing: Muller Thurgau

A 
Madeleine Royale x Riesling
Aka Rivaner
Cool to moderate
Easy and early ripening 
High yields
Prone to rot and downy mildew, black rot, rotbrenner
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24
Q

What is selection massale?

A

Traditional method of selecting vines. Mark the best plants from a vineyard and take cuttings in the winter.

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25
Q

What is a clone?

A

Plants from a single parent propagated using cuttings and genetically identical.

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26
Q

When was clonal selection first carried out?

A

1876: Froelich, Silvaner

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27
Q

How does clonal selection work?

A

Cuttings are taken from just a few vines and monitored and propagated in controlled conditions. Less than 10 clones of a variety might be selected

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28
Q

What are the disadvantages of clonal selection?

A

Disease spread
Specialization
Less genetic diversity
Overproduction

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29
Q

What is genetic modification?

A

Transfer of genes from one organism to another. Not used for commercial wines

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30
Q

Why use cuttings?

A

Can be grafted and easier to predict characteristics of new plants (seeds aren’t identical)
4-5x price

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31
Q

What is layering?

A

A method of propagation (rare now bc phylloxera) where a cane is buried in the ground then separated from parent once roots take hold. Good for berlandieri and rotundifolia. Bolli VVF

32
Q

What to remember when taking a cutting

A

Stem, root or leaves
Taken in early winter for commercial viticulture when carbs are highest
Should be well ripened and healthy with green sap filled inside
30-45cm, stored at 5C
Can be heat treated for pests
Can be planted into a nursery immediately or grafted

33
Q

What conditions do cuttings need?

A

Lots of water
Warmth (15-25) from below
Loose well drained soil

34
Q

What is bench grafting?

A

Happens indoors in late winter/early spring
Cuttings stored in damp sawdust then soaked
Done by machine
Scion dipped in paraffin wax - prevent graft Union from drying
Stored in high humidity crates with sand or sawdust
21-29degrees for 3-5wks to form callus
Trimmed, redipped in wax, cold stone, then planted in pots or nursery for 7-10days (18-21degrees)

35
Q

What is top grafting?

A

Used to change varieties in the vineyard. Chip budding or T budding most common, using bud of new varietal on trunk of old one.

36
Q

What is cleft grafting?

A

Less common to switch varieties
Saw trunk of vine vertically and insert canes of new variety. Works well in warm climates but tricky and requires a lot of care.

37
Q

What is Vitis vinifera silvestris?

A

Wild European vines that are usually not hermaphroditic.

38
Q

V labrusca

A

Wild in NE USA
Strong flavor, dark berries
Common parent in American hybrids(Concord)
NOT rootstock parent often

39
Q

V riparia

A

Wild on river banks and alluvial soil in central eastern North America
Rootstock elements: low vigor, surface rooting, early ripening, resistant phylloxera, more tolerant of damp conditions
Disadvantages: iron deficiency in chalky lime soils
Used to control vigor on fertile soils

40
Q

V rupestris

A

Wild in south central USA
Vigorous rootstock with deep roots, susceptible to chlorosis, drought resistant, high vigor
Good for poor soils with limited water

41
Q

V berlandieri

A

Chalky soils in south USA and Mexico
Vigorous, deep roots, resistant to chlorosis
Hard to root cuttings
Often hybridized with rupestris and riparia to resist lime chlorosis

42
Q

Chardonnay pros/cons

A 
Quality potential
Demand
Recognition
Ripens in wide range of climates
Terroir
Hardy
High yields

Prone to grey rot

43
Q

Pinot Gris pros/cons

A

Noble rot and drying on vine
Quality and demand

Can be uninteresting and dilute

44
Q

Pinot Blanc pros/cons

A

Resistant to a lot
Quality at high yields

Recognition

45
Q

Riesling pros/cons

A

Hardy
Wide range
Quality at high yields
Best at <50hl/ha

46
Q

Gewurz pros/cons

A

Best at <40 hl/ha
Hard to achieve flavor ripeness at moderate alcohol
Low yields

47
Q

Muscat pros/cons and clones

A

Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains is best (complex)
Muscat Ottonel is used for offdry wines in Alsace and Central Europe - less aromatic
Raisins well
Prone to fungal disease esp mildew
Attracts animals
Fade quickly

48
Q

Chenin Blanc pros/cons

A

Retains acidity
Noble rot
Aging/quality

Ripens unevenly

49
Q

Sauvignon Blanc pros/cons

A

High yielding

Black rot and powdery mildew

50
Q

Semillon pros/cons

A

Lacks acidity

Vegetal in new world

51
Q

Viognier pros/cons

A

Prone to leafroll and uneven ripening
Delicate flavors burnt off during ripening
Helps with color extraction and fixing in Rhône Syrah

52
Q

Trebbiano/Ugni Blanc sub-varieties

A

Trebbiano Di Toscana - widely planted and bland
Trebbiano Di Soave - now shown to be Verdicchio
Trebbiano Romagnolo
Trebbiano dAbruzzo

53
Q

Pinot Noir pros/cons

A 
Low yields
Prone to rot
Hard to grow and vinify well
Accumulates sugar quickly 
Prone to clonal variation
54
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon pros/cons

A

Ripens late, difficult to fully ripen

Low yields despite high vigor

55
Q

Merlot pros/cons

A 
Easy to grow high yields
Early budding (spring frost)
Prone to coulure
56
Q

Syrah

A

Develops mercaptan flavors

Disease resistant

57
Q

What is Ruby Cabernet?

A 
Carignan x Cab Sauv
Used for big blends
Hot climate
Drought resistant
Lacking in structure
High yields
Powdery mildew
58
Q

Pinotage

A

Pinot Nor x Cinsault
Easy to cultivate, ripens, hardy
High yields

59
Q

Seyval Blanc

A

Seibel 5656 x Seibel 4986
Hybrid
No go in EU
resistant to disease so could work for organic viticulture in cool areas

60
Q

Rondo

A 
Precoce de Malingre x Vitis amurensis x St Laurent
Hybrid
Deep color light body high acidity
Classified in Germany as Vitis vinifera
Resistance against frost and diseases
Early ripening
61
Q

Vidal

A

Ugni Blanc x Seibel 4986
Ice wine in Canada
Winter hardiness
Thick skin = late harvest

62
Q

What is phylloxera?

A

Phylloxera vasatrix
First identified 1863
Insect
Causes vines to die of drought progressively since roots are covered in insects
Nodosites (white or yellow growths) near root tip and swellings on older roots
Pale green leaf galls on under surface of leaves

63
Q

Who discovered the solution for phylloxera?

A

Laliman in 1872
American vines form hard corky layers in roots so phylloxera can’t feed
Only other remedy: sandy soil or flooding vineyard for 40 days

64
Q

What are nematodes?

A

Tiny roundworms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye
Some feed off roots while others transmit viral diseases

65
Q

What do high soil salinity levels do?

A

Disrupt water uptake and vine nutrition

Salt Creek rootstock

66
Q

What is a scion

A

The vine grafted onto the rootstock

67
Q

Is it better to use a low or high vigor rootstock in cooler conditions?

A

Low because it encourages earlier ripening

68
Q

What are the two principle rootstocks?

A

Riparia Gloire de Montpelier and Ripestris du Lot

69
Q

Riparia Gloire de Montpelier - parent and characteristics

A 
Vitis riparia
Low vigor
Low lime tolerance 
Low drought resistance
High phylloxera tolerance
Moderate plus nematode resistance
Likes humid cool fertile soils with moisture. Good for quality wine production
70
Q

Rupestris du Lot

A 
Vitis rupestris
High vigor
Low lime tolerance
Moderate plus drought resistance
High phyll
Moderate plus nematode
Likes deep, poor, healthy soils in the Mediterranean. Sensitive to coulure
71
Q

AXR1

A

Vinifera x rupestris
Offers some lime tolerance but is not tolerant enough to phylloxera. Planted in California in the 70s/80s
High vigor
Moderate plus drought

72
Q

3309 C (couderc)

A

Riparia x rupestris
Halfway between surface and deep rooting. Average vigor, good resistance to phylloxera and nematodes, poor tolerance to lime. Good drought resistance.
Related: 101-14 and schwarzman* really good for nematodes

73
Q

Riparia x berlandieri

A

Surface or semi surface, good rooting, good lime tolerance. Phylloxera resistance.
Examples: 161-49C, 420A, 5C, 5BB, SO4, 125AA

74
Q

Berlandieri x rupestris

A

Good in dry and stony conditions, deep rooting systems, high vigor
99R, 110R, 140 RU, 1103 P

75
Q

What is vitis Champini good for?

A

Areas with serious nematode problems. Dog Ridge

Viticulture/Vinification (7 decks)

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