the vertebral columb Flashcards by Hanna Consoldane

pedicles _(increase/decrease)__ in size caudally

increase
lumbar pedicles are the biggest

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2 layers of the body of vertebra

cortical shell
cancellous bone

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“roof” that protects spinal cord that transfer forces

lamina

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what vertebral joint resists shear, compression, torsional and tensile forces?

where are the forces transmitted to?

zygapophyseal (facet) joint

laminae

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which process (SP or TP) resists compression forces

spinous process (SP)

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where does spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis occur most often

L5/S1

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2 layers of the intervertebral discs (and what are their water %)

nucleus pulposus (80%)
annulus fibrosis (60%)

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what innervates + where is the innervation of the intervertebral disc

sinuvertebral nerve
outer 1/3 to 1/2 of annulus fibrosis

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4 motions of interbody joint (cartilaginous)

sliding (translation)
distraction
compression
tilting

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what motion does the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) resist

extension
bc it is located on the anterior surface of the vertebrae

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what motion does Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) resist

flexion
it is on the posterior aspect of the vertebral body

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name 4 vertebral ligaments that resist flexion

posterior longitudinal ligament
ligamentum flavum
interspinous ligament
supraspinous ligament

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what movement does intertransverse ligament resist

lateral flexion

connects TP to TP

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what movement do the alar ligaments resist

rotation

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facets help the vertebrae resist what motion

rotation ESPECIALLY in lumbar spine

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coupling

2 motions on different axis’ happening at the same time

ex: lateral flexion with some rotation

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the amount of motion available in the spine depends on ….

the size of the discs

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the direction of motion in the spine is determined by which structure?

facets

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what direction does the inferior facet slide in spinal flexion

it slides UP

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what direction do the inferior facet slide in RIGHT spinal LATERAL flexion

left inferior facet slides up and “opens”
right inferior facet slides down and “closes”

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for kinetics of spinal flexion, there is anterior _____ and posterior ____

anterior compression
posterior tension

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for kinetics of spinal extension, there is anterior _____ and posterior ____

anterior tension
posterior compression

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for kinetics of spinal lateral bending, there is ipsilateral _____ and contralateral ____

ipsilateral compression
contralateral tension

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translation of disc results in ____ force

shear

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axial rotation and coupled motion of a disc causes ______ force

torsion

upper cervical spine levels

occiput C1 C2

lower cervical spine levels

C3-7

joint of C1 and its function

OA joint "yes" nod

joint of C2 and its function

AA joint "no" rotation

what is the name of the ligament that is the continuation of ALL

anterior atlanto-occipital ligament atlantoaxial ligament

what is the structure that is considered the continuation of the PLL

tectorial membrane

ligamentum nuchae resists what movement

flexion

what ligament is considered the "cruciate ligament of the neck"

alar ligament

what is the main function of the transverse ligament

maintaining C1/2 stability holds dens closely to C1

why are discs in the lower cervical region crescent-shaped with a thicker anterior end

it helps reduce the ROM of the neck in flexion

flexion of OA joint (convex on concave)

rolls anteriorly slides posteriorly

extension of OA joint (convex on concave)

rolls posteriorly slides anteriorly

t/f: lateral flexion and rotation coupling is opposite

TRUE (BIG EMPHASIS TO REMEMBER)

which cervical vertebrae has the greatest FLX/EXT ROM

C5/6

lower cervical (C2-7) rolling/sliding rule for FLX/EXT

FLX: anterior tilt and slide EXT: posterior tilt and slide CONCAVE ON CONVEX

knowing that the thoracic spine is kyphotic, what region of the vertebral body is more heightened

posterior aspect

demifacets

articulation of the heads of the ribs

where does the most shear stress occur in the spine

L5 due to.. - transition from lordosis to kyphosis - S2 being COM

iliolumbar ligament function

prevents anterior displacement of L5 keeps L5/S1 still in all movements

discs arranged in sheets called ______

lamellae

how many layers does the thoracolumbar facia have (and what are the names)

3 layers posterior middle anterior

which comes first in lumbopelvic rhythm when bending, lumbar flexion or anterior pelvic tilt

lumbar flexion first and then anterior pelvic tilt (reverse on the way back up)

in the lumbar spine, tilt and slide translation occurs __(ipsi/contralaterally)__ in LATERAL FLEXION

ipsilaterally

in the lumbar spine, tilt and slide translation occurs __(ipsi/contralaterally)__ in ROTATION

ipsilaterally

Lumbar interbody joints bear ____% of compressive forces, facets ____%

80% 20%

which vertebrae bear 65% of shear forces at its facets

L4/5

ilia

c shaped articulating surface in the sacrum

sacrospinous ligament function

limits NUTATION at the SI joint (by resisting FLEXION and ROTATION) to not get it confused with the sacrotuberous ligament, I think about how our spine can rotate --> sacroSPIN(e)ous

sacrotuberous ligament function

limits NUTATION at the SI joint (by resisting forward sacral tilt)

posterior sacroiliac ligament function

limits COUNTERNUTATION at the SI joint (by resisting posterior sacral motion)

nutation

sacral base that rotates anteriorly on fixed innominate (corresponds with an anterior pelvic tilt)

counternutation

sacral base rotates posteriorly on the fixed innominate (corresponds with a posterior pelvic tilt)

what ligaments resist nutation (3)

sacrotuberous sacrospinous anterior sacroiliac ligaments

what ligament resists counternutation

long posterior sacroiliac ligament

semispinalis capitis and cervicis are innervate by...

greater occipital nerve (C2)

what muscles in the craniocervical region perform extension and maintain lordosis

semispinalis capitis semispinalis cervicis

which muscle in the back resists lordosis in the cervical spine

levator scapulae

why is longissimus capitis and cervicis considered a poor extensor?

short moment arm

which scalene primarily stabilizes in the frontal plane

middle

suboccipital muscles bi/unilateral movements

bi: occipital extension uni: ipsi rotation and side bend of occiput on atlas

which scalene does bilateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation

4 deep anterior neck muscles

longus capitis longus coli rectus capitis anterior rectus capitis lateralis

longus capitis/coli can flex but are better at ....

providing compression + proprioceptive input they also stabilize the head synergistically w traps

2 main functions of rectus capitis anterior and rectus capitis lateralis

bilateral flexion proprioception

4 muscles that attach to the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF)

lats glute max obliques transverse abdominis

t-spine multifidus function

contralateral rotation local segmental control

lumbar spine multifidus function

extension stabilizer local segmental control

rotatores and intertransversarii function

primarily involved in proprioception however helps with: 1. ipsilateral side bend 2. contralateral rotation

superficial erector spinae function

bilateral extension unilateral ipsi side bend and rotation

deep erector spinae function

creates posterior compressive/shear forces counteracts anterior shear forces

anterior pelvic tilt creates shear forces in what direction

ANTERIORLY silly goose

pelvic floor muscles provide stability for...

lumbopelvic ring

2 levator ani muscles and their function

iliococcygeus + pubococcygeus lifts pelvic floor and constricts openings creates intra-abdominal pressure

schmorl's node

a bulge of the nucleus populous into the vertebra above or below the disc

disc prolapse/protrude as a result of

lamellae of annulus separating

3 parts of the sternum

manubrium body xyphoid process

true, false, and floating ribs

true = 1-7 false = 8-10 floating = 11-12

movement of upper thorax ribs (2-7) in breathing

pump handle action increased interior posterior diameter

movement of lower thorax ribs (8-10) in breathing

bucket handle action increased lateral diameter

3 primary breathing muscles

diaphragm intercostals scalenes

how does COPD impact breathing

flattened diaphragm shortened inspiratory muscles barrel chest deformity

diaphragm/rib cage orientation as an infant vs adult

infant = horizontal

an infant's diaphragm is __% fatigue resistant in comparison to an adults ___% fatigue resistance

20% 50%