the vertebral columb Flashcards
pedicles _(increase/decrease)__ in size caudally
increase
lumbar pedicles are the biggest
2 layers of the body of vertebra
cortical shell
cancellous bone
“roof” that protects spinal cord that transfer forces
lamina
what vertebral joint resists shear, compression, torsional and tensile forces?
where are the forces transmitted to?
zygapophyseal (facet) joint
laminae
which process (SP or TP) resists compression forces
spinous process (SP)
where does spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis occur most often
L5/S1
2 layers of the intervertebral discs (and what are their water %)
nucleus pulposus (80%)
annulus fibrosis (60%)
what innervates + where is the innervation of the intervertebral disc
sinuvertebral nerve
outer 1/3 to 1/2 of annulus fibrosis
4 motions of interbody joint (cartilaginous)
sliding (translation)
distraction
compression
tilting
what motion does the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) resist
extension
bc it is located on the anterior surface of the vertebrae
what motion does Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) resist
flexion
it is on the posterior aspect of the vertebral body
name 4 vertebral ligaments that resist flexion
posterior longitudinal ligament
ligamentum flavum
interspinous ligament
supraspinous ligament
what movement does intertransverse ligament resist
lateral flexion
connects TP to TP
what movement do the alar ligaments resist
rotation
facets help the vertebrae resist what motion
rotation ESPECIALLY in lumbar spine
coupling
2 motions on different axis’ happening at the same time
ex: lateral flexion with some rotation
the amount of motion available in the spine depends on ….
the size of the discs
the direction of motion in the spine is determined by which structure?
facets
what direction does the inferior facet slide in spinal flexion
it slides UP
what direction do the inferior facet slide in RIGHT spinal LATERAL flexion
left inferior facet slides up and “opens”
right inferior facet slides down and “closes”
for kinetics of spinal flexion, there is anterior _____ and posterior ____
anterior compression
posterior tension
for kinetics of spinal extension, there is anterior _____ and posterior ____
anterior tension
posterior compression
for kinetics of spinal lateral bending, there is ipsilateral _____ and contralateral ____
ipsilateral compression
contralateral tension
translation of disc results in ____ force
shear
axial rotation and coupled motion of a disc causes ______ force
torsion
upper cervical spine levels
occiput
C1
C2
lower cervical spine levels
C3-7
joint of C1 and its function
OA joint
“yes” nod
joint of C2 and its function
AA joint
“no” rotation
what is the name of the ligament that is the continuation of ALL
anterior atlanto-occipital ligament
atlantoaxial ligament
what is the structure that is considered the continuation of the PLL
tectorial membrane
ligamentum nuchae resists what movement
flexion
what ligament is considered the “cruciate ligament of the neck”
alar ligament
what is the main function of the transverse ligament
maintaining C1/2 stability
holds dens closely to C1
why are discs in the lower cervical region crescent-shaped with a thicker anterior end
it helps reduce the ROM of the neck in flexion
flexion of OA joint (convex on concave)
rolls anteriorly
slides posteriorly
extension of OA joint (convex on concave)
rolls posteriorly
slides anteriorly
t/f: lateral flexion and rotation coupling is opposite
TRUE
(BIG EMPHASIS TO REMEMBER)
which cervical vertebrae has the greatest FLX/EXT ROM
C5/6
lower cervical (C2-7) rolling/sliding rule for FLX/EXT
FLX: anterior tilt and slide
EXT: posterior tilt and slide
CONCAVE ON CONVEX
knowing that the thoracic spine is kyphotic, what region of the vertebral body is more heightened
posterior aspect
demifacets
articulation of the heads of the ribs
where does the most shear stress occur in the spine
L5 due to..
- transition from lordosis to kyphosis
- S2 being COM
iliolumbar ligament function
prevents anterior displacement of L5
keeps L5/S1 still in all movements
discs arranged in sheets called ______
lamellae
how many layers does the thoracolumbar facia have (and what are the names)
3 layers
posterior
middle
anterior
which comes first in lumbopelvic rhythm when bending, lumbar flexion or anterior pelvic tilt
lumbar flexion first and then anterior pelvic tilt
(reverse on the way back up)
in the lumbar spine, tilt and slide translation occurs __(ipsi/contralaterally)__ in LATERAL FLEXION
ipsilaterally
in the lumbar spine, tilt and slide translation occurs __(ipsi/contralaterally)__ in ROTATION
ipsilaterally
Lumbar interbody joints bear ____% of compressive forces, facets ____%
80%
20%
which vertebrae bear 65% of shear forces at its facets
L4/5
ilia
c shaped articulating surface in the sacrum
sacrospinous ligament function
limits NUTATION at the SI joint
(by resisting FLEXION and ROTATION)
to not get it confused with the sacrotuberous ligament, I think about how our spine can rotate –> sacroSPIN(e)ous
sacrotuberous ligament function
limits NUTATION at the SI joint
(by resisting forward sacral tilt)
posterior sacroiliac ligament function
limits COUNTERNUTATION at the SI joint
(by resisting posterior sacral motion)
nutation
sacral base that rotates anteriorly on fixed innominate
(corresponds with an anterior pelvic tilt)
counternutation
sacral base rotates posteriorly on the fixed innominate
(corresponds with a posterior pelvic tilt)
what ligaments resist nutation (3)
sacrotuberous
sacrospinous
anterior sacroiliac ligaments
what ligament resists counternutation
long posterior sacroiliac ligament
semispinalis capitis and cervicis are innervate by…
greater occipital nerve (C2)
what muscles in the craniocervical region perform extension and maintain lordosis
semispinalis capitis
semispinalis cervicis
which muscle in the back resists lordosis in the cervical spine
levator scapulae
why is longissimus capitis and cervicis considered a poor extensor?
short moment arm
which scalene primarily stabilizes in the frontal plane
middle
suboccipital muscles bi/unilateral movements
bi: occipital extension
uni: ipsi rotation and side bend of occiput on atlas
which scalene does bilateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation
anterior
4 deep anterior neck muscles
longus capitis
longus coli
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis
longus capitis/coli can flex but are better at ….
providing compression + proprioceptive input
they also stabilize the head synergistically w traps
2 main functions of rectus capitis anterior and rectus capitis lateralis
bilateral flexion
proprioception
4 muscles that attach to the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF)
lats
glute max
obliques
transverse abdominis
t-spine multifidus function
contralateral rotation
local segmental control
lumbar spine multifidus function
extension
stabilizer
local segmental control
rotatores and intertransversarii function
primarily involved in proprioception however helps with:
1. ipsilateral side bend
2. contralateral rotation
superficial erector spinae function
bilateral extension
unilateral ipsi side bend and rotation
deep erector spinae function
creates posterior compressive/shear forces
counteracts anterior shear forces
anterior pelvic tilt creates shear forces in what direction
ANTERIORLY silly goose
pelvic floor muscles provide stability for…
lumbopelvic ring
2 levator ani muscles and their function
iliococcygeus + pubococcygeus
lifts pelvic floor and constricts openings
creates intra-abdominal pressure
schmorl’s node
a bulge of the nucleus populous into the vertebra above or below the disc
disc prolapse/protrude as a result of
lamellae of annulus separating
3 parts of the sternum
manubrium
body
xyphoid process
true, false, and floating ribs
true = 1-7
false = 8-10
floating = 11-12
movement of upper thorax ribs (2-7) in breathing
pump handle action
increased interior posterior diameter
movement of lower thorax ribs (8-10) in breathing
bucket handle action
increased lateral diameter
3 primary breathing muscles
diaphragm
intercostals
scalenes
how does COPD impact breathing
flattened diaphragm
shortened inspiratory muscles
barrel chest deformity
diaphragm/rib cage orientation as an infant vs adult
infant = horizontal
an infant’s diaphragm is __% fatigue resistant in comparison to an adults ___% fatigue resistance
20%
50%
