The Use of Data Flashcards
define disease
symptoms
signs
diagnosis
biomedical perspective
define illness
ICE
patients perspective
incidence
number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specific time period
prevalence
number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time or in a defined period of time
example of a prevalent disease
diabetes
example of an incidence of disease
common cold
equation for relative risk
RR = incidence of disease in exposed group
over
incidence of disease in unexposed group
what is relative risk?
measure of the strength of an association between suspected risk factor and disease under study
name some sources of epidemiological data
mortality data
hospital activity Stats
cancer stats
reproductive health stats
accident stats
drug misuse databases
Health literacy
people having the knowledge, skills and understanding to use health information
What is a CHADS2 score a measure of?
stroke risk
SIGN guidelines can be used to:
stop variation in practise and make sure patients get the best care
help health care individuals understand medical evidence and make decisions on healthcare
improve health care by focusing on patient important outcomes
Descriptive studies
describe the amount and distribution of a disease in a given population
Analytic studies types
cross sectional
case control studies
cohort studies
cross sectional study
disease frequency, survey, prevalence study
observations are made at a single point in time
in case control studies two types of people are studied:
group of people who have the disease of interest are identified (cases)
group of people who don’t have it (controls)
results of case control studies are called
relative risks
cohort studies
baseline data on exposure are collected form a group of people who do NOT have the disease under study
the group is followed through time until a sufficient number have developed the disease
randomised controlled trials is a definitive method of assessing
any new treatment in medicine
factors to consider when interpreting results
standardisation
standardised mortality ratio
quality of data
case definition
coding and classification
standardisation
techniques used to remove the effects of differences in age or other variables when comparing two or more populations
standardised mortality ratio
standardised death rate
4 types of bias
selection
information
follow up
systematic
Criteria for casualty
strength of association
consistency
specificity
temporality
biological gradient
coherence
analogy
cofounding factor
independently associated with the disease and with exposure under investigation so it distorts the relationship between them
common cofounding factors
smoking
sex
social class
