The Use of Data

Question 1

define disease

Answer 1

symptoms

signs

diagnosis

biomedical perspective

Question 2

define illness

Answer 2

ICE

patients perspective

Question 3

incidence

Answer 3

number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specific time period

Question 4

prevalence

Answer 4

number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time or in a defined period of time

Question 5

example of a prevalent disease

Answer 5

diabetes

Question 6

example of an incidence of disease

Answer 6

common cold

Question 7

equation for relative risk

Answer 7

RR = incidence of disease in exposed group

over

incidence of disease in unexposed group

Question 8

what is relative risk?

Answer 8

measure of the strength of an association between suspected risk factor and disease under study

Question 9

name some sources of epidemiological data

Answer 9

mortality data

hospital activity Stats

cancer stats

reproductive health stats

accident stats

drug misuse databases

Question 10

Health literacy

Answer 10

people having the knowledge, skills and understanding to use health information

Question 11

What is a CHADS2 score a measure of?

Answer 11

stroke risk

Question 12

SIGN guidelines can be used to:

Answer 12

stop variation in practise and make sure patients get the best care

help health care individuals understand medical evidence and make decisions on healthcare

improve health care by focusing on patient important outcomes

Question 13

Descriptive studies

Answer 13

describe the amount and distribution of a disease in a given population

Question 14

Analytic studies types

Answer 14

cross sectional

case control studies

cohort studies

Question 15

cross sectional study

Answer 15

disease frequency, survey, prevalence study

observations are made at a single point in time

Question 16

in case control studies two types of people are studied:

Answer 16

group of people who have the disease of interest are identified (cases)

group of people who don’t have it (controls)

Question 17

results of case control studies are called

Answer 17

relative risks

Question 18

cohort studies

Answer 18

baseline data on exposure are collected form a group of people who do NOT have the disease under study

the group is followed through time until a sufficient number have developed the disease

Question 19

randomised controlled trials is a definitive method of assessing

Answer 19

any new treatment in medicine

Question 20

factors to consider when interpreting results

Answer 20

standardisation

standardised mortality ratio

quality of data

case definition

coding and classification

Question 21

standardisation

Answer 21

techniques used to remove the effects of differences in age or other variables when comparing two or more populations

Question 22

standardised mortality ratio

Answer 22

standardised death rate

Question 23

4 types of bias

Answer 23

selection

information

follow up

systematic

Question 24

Criteria for casualty

Answer 24

strength of association

consistency

specificity

temporality

biological gradient

coherence

analogy

Question 25

cofounding factor

Answer 25

independently associated with the disease and with exposure under investigation so it distorts the relationship between them

Question 26

common cofounding factors

Answer 26

smoking

sex

social class