The USA and the Cold War (1952-1960) Flashcards
Why was Ike expected to be good at handling international relations?
He was the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during the war
Who was John Foster Dulles?
- Secretary of State appointed by Ike
- He was very anti-communist
- The older brother of Allen Dulles (Director of the CIA)
- A strong advocate for brinkmanship and massive retaliation
When did Stalin die and who replaced him?
Stalin died in March 1953 and was replaced by Nikita Khrushchev
What is Mutually Assured Destruction?
MAD is the concept that if two opposing sides use nuclear weapons, both would be completely destroyed.
What was the Space Race?
It was a competition between the US and the Soviet Union to achieve major space exploration milestones during the Cold War
What did the USSR launch into Space?
- In October 1957, they launched Sputnik, a satellite, into space (orbited around the earth until January 1958
- In November 1957, they launched a Sputnik 2 which contained a dog named Laika
What was the US response to Soviet success in the space race?
- They responded with a US Vanguard TV3 rocket satellite in Dec 1957
- It blew up after 4ft in the air on live television
- The press gave it names like ‘Flopnik’ and ‘Kaputnik’
What was the Arms Race?
- It began after Truman dropped the atomic bombs in 1945
- By 1953, both sides had hydrogen bombs with 7 times more power than that dropped on Hiroshima
- There was also the development of ICBMs which raised concern in the US
What are ICBMs?
ICBMs are long-range missiles that can carry nuclear warheads across continents
What was the ‘New Look’ policy?
- Also known as ‘more bang for buck’
- Ike’s national security strategy which focused on reducing military spending by relying on nuclear deterrence rather than conventional forces (proposed by Dulles)
What was the ‘On the Cult of Personality and its Consequences’ speech?
Also known as the ‘secret speech’, it was given by Khrushchev to Congress in 1956, denouncing Stalin’s ways
What was the reaction in East Europe to the secret speech?
It increased the belief that destalinisation would occur and there were increasing protests in Poland and Hungary
What was the Hungarian Uprising?
- In October 1956, the Hungarian leader Rakosi was replaced by Imre Nagy, who promised free elections and that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact
- Hungarians expected US support and believed Khrushchev would relax Stalinist control so there were increasing protests
How did Khrushchev respond to the Hungarian Uprising?
- He feared that Hungary leaving the Warsaw Pact would create a hole in the Iron Curtain, so he responded by sending troops to the country in November 1956
- 3000 Hungarians were killed and 200,000 fled to Austria
What was Ike’s reason for not getting involved in Hungary?
- He stated that there was nothing in the Truman Doctrine that warranted going to war
- The US’ lack of aid showed that Europe was indeed split in two