The USA and the Cold War (1952-1960) Flashcards

1
Q

Why was Ike expected to be good at handling international relations?

A

He was the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during the war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who was John Foster Dulles?

A
  • Secretary of State appointed by Ike
  • He was very anti-communist
  • The older brother of Allen Dulles (Director of the CIA)
  • A strong advocate for brinkmanship and massive retaliation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When did Stalin die and who replaced him?

A

Stalin died in March 1953 and was replaced by Nikita Khrushchev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Mutually Assured Destruction?

A

MAD is the concept that if two opposing sides use nuclear weapons, both would be completely destroyed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the Space Race?

A

It was a competition between the US and the Soviet Union to achieve major space exploration milestones during the Cold War

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did the USSR launch into Space?

A
  • In October 1957, they launched Sputnik, a satellite, into space (orbited around the earth until January 1958
  • In November 1957, they launched a Sputnik 2 which contained a dog named Laika
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was the US response to Soviet success in the space race?

A
  • They responded with a US Vanguard TV3 rocket satellite in Dec 1957
  • It blew up after 4ft in the air on live television
  • The press gave it names like ‘Flopnik’ and ‘Kaputnik’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was the Arms Race?

A
  • It began after Truman dropped the atomic bombs in 1945
  • By 1953, both sides had hydrogen bombs with 7 times more power than that dropped on Hiroshima
  • There was also the development of ICBMs which raised concern in the US
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are ICBMs?

A

ICBMs are long-range missiles that can carry nuclear warheads across continents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was the ‘New Look’ policy?

A
  • Also known as ‘more bang for buck’
  • Ike’s national security strategy which focused on reducing military spending by relying on nuclear deterrence rather than conventional forces (proposed by Dulles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was the ‘On the Cult of Personality and its Consequences’ speech?

A

Also known as the ‘secret speech’, it was given by Khrushchev to Congress in 1956, denouncing Stalin’s ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the reaction in East Europe to the secret speech?

A

It increased the belief that destalinisation would occur and there were increasing protests in Poland and Hungary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the Hungarian Uprising?

A
  • In October 1956, the Hungarian leader Rakosi was replaced by Imre Nagy, who promised free elections and that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact
  • Hungarians expected US support and believed Khrushchev would relax Stalinist control so there were increasing protests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How did Khrushchev respond to the Hungarian Uprising?

A
  • He feared that Hungary leaving the Warsaw Pact would create a hole in the Iron Curtain, so he responded by sending troops to the country in November 1956
  • 3000 Hungarians were killed and 200,000 fled to Austria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was Ike’s reason for not getting involved in Hungary?

A
  • He stated that there was nothing in the Truman Doctrine that warranted going to war
  • The US’ lack of aid showed that Europe was indeed split in two
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happened in Berlin in the 1950s?

A
  • In November 1958, Khrushchev demanded that Western powers leave West Berlin in 6 months
  • Ike responded by holding the 1959 Geneva Conference (nothing was solved)
  • Khrushchev then went to the US in September 1959 on an 11-day tour and agreed at Camp David that there would be no deadline to exit Berling
17
Q

What was the U-2 Crisis?

A
  • In May 1960, the Soviet Union shot down a U2 spy place
  • Khrushchev thought Allen Dulles had done it, as the US announced that a weather plane had been lost near the Turkish Soviet borders (they believed the captain to be dead)
  • When Khrushchev presented the captain, Gary Powers, alive, Ike admitted to organising the mission, as it was a ‘distasteful necessity
18
Q

How did Ike deal with the Korean War?

A
  • In 1952, Ike visited Korea and decided that measures were required
  • In 1953, an armistice was signed which left the Korean Peninsula divided into the North and the South on the 38th Parallel
  • His success in Korea strengthened his hand in domestic and foreign affairs
19
Q

What happened in Taiwan?

A
  • Mao had claimed that Taiwan was part of China and Truman was willing to let it be retaken
  • Jiang Jieshi’s willingness to allow the country to be used as a US base for Naval operations gave them a degree of protection
  • Mao ordered the shelling of two islands controlled by Taiwan in 1954 and Ike responded by securing the Formosa Resolution in January 1955 which provided for the defence of Taiwan
  • Dulles also suggested that the US was considering using nuclear power on China
  • China eventually ceased the shelling
20
Q

What happened in Vietnam?

A
  • In 1954, the war between Ho Chi Minh and the French was going badly for the Europeans
  • Ho Chi Minh was in a strong position after defeating the French at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954
  • In July 1954, it was decided that Vietnam would be partitioned and there would be a general election by July 1956
  • However, when Ngo Dinh Diem took power in the 1955, the US supported his regime as he was anti-communist, even though he was unjust to the Buddhist population
21
Q

What was going on in the Middle East in the 1950s?

A
  • Left-leaning leaders like Mossadegh in Iran were seen as susceptible to communist influence
  • This led to Dulles approving a CIA plot to depose of Mossadegh in 1953
22
Q

What was CENTO and when was it created?

A

It was created in 1955 as a defence alliance between Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom to counter Soviet influence in the Middle East.

23
Q

When was the Suez Crisis and what happened?

A
  • July 1956
  • Nasser, the Egyptian leader, nationalised the Suez Canal to use the money raised by it to fund the Aswan Dam
  • Britain and France retaliated by striking a deal with Israel whereby the latter would attack Egypt, Britain and France would call for a ceasefire and then bomb Cairo under the pretext of trying to maintain peace
  • Ike responded by using financial pressures to force Britain and France to withdraw as he didn’t want to be associated with imperialism
24
Q

What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?

A
  • A doctrine issued in January 1957 which committed the USA to assist any nation requesting assistance against armed aggression from communist countries
  • Congress provided $200 million for it