The Urinary System Review Questions

Question 1

How is pH defined?

Question 2

Generally what is the pH of the body?

Question 3

A solution that has the ability to resist pH changes despite added acid or base is known as what?

Question 4

A base is defined as?

Question 5

A substance that donates H+ is known as what?

Question 6

What are the four buffers of the body?

Question 7

A weak acid and its conjugate base is known as what?

Question 8

From which part of the metanephros does the renal pelves, calyces, and collecting ducts develop?

Question 9

The ureters develop from which portion of the metanephros?

Question 10

What are the other two primitive kidney structures called?

Question 11

The metanephros forms when?

Question 12

The kidneys and the ureters arise from what germ layer?

Question 13

The kidneys develop from what entity?

Question 14

Of the three subsets of the urogenital ridge, which matures into the actual kidneys?

Question 15

From what germ line do the bladder and urethra develop?

Question 16

What cells release renin in response to low sodium?

Question 17

Where are these cells found within the kidney?

Question 18

What is the flow of filtrate through the nephron?

Question 19

What is the muscle of the bladder?

Question 20

What is the trigone?

Question 21

What rib bisects the kidney?

Question 22

The kidneys are located between which spinal levels?

Question 23

What nerve controls the voluntary external urethral sphincter?

Question 24

What effect does sympathetics have on the bladder?

Question 25

What effect does parasympathetics have on the bladder?

Question 26

Where does the bladder get its blood supply?

Question 27

What is the pathway for blood through the kidney?

Question 28

What vasculature of the kidney controls glomerular blood flow?

Question 29

What controls blood flow through peritubular capillaries?

Question 30

What is the major role of peritubular capillaries?

Question 31

What is the tissue that regulates the concentration of the urine?

Question 32

What blood vessels bring blood back to circulation?

Question 33

What collects the filtrate?

Question 34

What part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of reabsorption?

Question 35

Along with the vasa recta this part of nephron is important in controlling the concentration of urine?

Question 36

Where in the nephron is filtrate monitored by osmoreceptors?

Question 37

Which part of the nephron is impermeable to water?

Question 38

Which part of the nephron regulates body sodium and potassium?

Question 39

How does the body react to low glomerular filtration rate?

Question 40

What are the effects of angiotensin II?

Question 41

What stimulates renin production?

Question 42

An indication of how effectively the kidneys clear or excrete individual substances in the blood is known as what?

Question 43

What happens with vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles?

Question 44

What gives us a good estimate of GFR?

Question 45

Substances moving passively from blood into nephron is known as what?

Question 46

Substances moving actively from blood into nephron is known as what?

Question 47

Substances moving from nephron into blood is known as what?

Question 48

How is water reabsorbed?

Question 49

Where is most of the water reabsorbed?

Question 50

What follows when sodium is actively reabsorbed?

Question 51

Where in the nephron does aldosterone exert its effect on potassium and sodium?

Question 52

Where is the majority of Na+, Cl-, and K+ reabsored?

Question 53

What injected substance is a good measure of renal blood flow due to the fact that there is no resorption and one hundred percent secretion?

Question 54

What are the effects of aldosterone?

Question 54

What are the major controls of aldosterone?

Question 55

Where does ADH have its effect? What is its effect?

Question 56

How is dilute urine made?

Question 57

An increase in osmolarity causes what to be released?

Question 58

What controls blood osmolality?

Question 59

How does the body respond to an increase blood osmolality?

Question 60

When do we we get a craving for salt?

Question 61

When do we get a desire to drink?

Question 62

Why does measuring creatinine clearance give us an overestimated of GFR?

Question 63

What is the most common cause of UTI?

Question 64

Ureaplasma urealyticum causes what kind of infection?

Question 65

What are the signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis?

Question 66

What are the characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?

Question 67

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Question 68

Nephritic syndrome is also known by what other name?

Question 69

How does nephritic syndrome manifest?

Question 70

Chronic glomerulonephritis may lead to what conditions?

Question 71

What is the next stage of progression with acute renal failure?

Question 72

Which urease-producing bacteria is often associated with UTI, especially after catheterization?

Question 73

What are the signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure?

Question 74

What causes tubulointerstitial nephritis?

Question 75

What are the most common types of kidney stones?

Question 76

What types of stones fill the entire renal pelvis?

Question 77

Nephroblastoma is associated with what genetic defect?

Question 78

Clear cell carcinoma is associated with what paraneoplastic endocrinopathies?