The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

From what source is NAD+ derived from?

Question 2

What is the relationship between hexokinase and glucokinase?

Question 3

What mechanism maintains a relatively constant ATP pool in the heart mitochondria?

Question 4

In carbohydrate metabolism in the heart, what is the key regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step (i.e. the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate) in the glycolytic pathway?

Question 5

What are the three major substrates for cardiac metabolism?

Question 6

What are the three minor substrates for cardiac metabolism?

Question 7

Insulin and myocardial ischemia cause what?

Question 8

Which apolipoprotein (i.e. A, B, or C) are associated with which diseases?

Question 9

What is the major limitation of energy by myocardium?

Question 10

What two factors determine oxygen consumption by myocardium?

Question 11

ATP is used in the heart for what?

Question 12

Why would hypophosphatemia result in muscle weakness and impaired cardiac function?

Question 13

What transporters bring glucose into cardiac cells?

Question 14

Besides raising LDL, triglycerides, and lipoprotein-a, what other affects do trans-fatty acids have on the cardiovascular system?

Question 15

Which minerals are associated with lowering blood pressure?

Question 16

B vitamin deficiency is associated with that cardiovascular disease?

Question 17

Does the heart generate ATP from aerobic or anaerobic means?

Question 18

What polyphenol is associated with lowering blood pressure and has anti-oxidant, anti-platelet, and anti-inflammatory properties?

Question 19

The heart and the great vessels come from what cell line?

Question 20

At what point do vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, blood vessel development, begin?

Question 21

Where does vasculogenesis and angiogenesis happen?

Question 22

By the end of the third week, what does the primordial cardiovascular system look like?

Question 23

The superior vena cava is developed out of what strucure?

Question 23

The aorta and the pulmonary trunks are formed when in gestation?

Question 23

How does the heart tube form?

Question 23

From what does the aorta and the pulmonary trunk develop?

Question 24

What four main segments compose the inferior vena cava?

Question 25

What embroyological layer does the heart arise from?

Question 26

At what point can a fetal heart beat be detected by a Doppler Heart Monitor?

Question 27

Fetal circulation happens in what order?

Question 28

The embryonic ductus arteriosus becomes what after birth?

Question 29

What forms the atria?

Question 30

The fusion of the endocardial or atrioventricular cushions posteriorly and anteriorly forms what?

Question 31

What does the interventricular foramen result in?

Question 31

The embryonic foramen ovale becomes what after birth?

Question 31

How do the right and left ventricle become compartmentalized?

Question 32

In what chambers are the SA and AV node?

Question 33

Where does blood from cardiac veins flow into?

Question 34

When do coronary arteries fill?

Question 34

What work together to prevent tricuspid and mitral valves from buckling open?