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A&P II Final > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

0
Q

What is the function of renin, secreted by the kidneys?

A

This enzyme is involved in the activation of angiotensinogen

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1
Q

Six principal organs of the urinary system

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

What are the major functions of the kidneys?

A
  • filter blood plasma
  • regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity
  • electrolyte balance
  • renin secretion
  • erythropoietin secretion
  • acid-base balance
  • calcium homeostasis by participating in calcitrol synthesis
  • detoxification
  • support blood glucose levels during extreme starvation
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3
Q

What are nitrogenous wastes?

A

One of the most toxic metabolic wastes, consisting of urea (a byproduct of protein catabolism), uric acid, and creatinine

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4
Q

What is BUN?

  • azotemia
  • uremia
A

Blood urea nitrogen - measure of nitrogenous wastes in the blood

  • Azotemia occurs when BUN is elevated
  • Uremia is a dangerously high BUN that results in diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea (SOB), cardiac arrhythmia, convulsions, coma, and death
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5
Q

What 4 organ systems carry out excretion?

A

(1) lungs
- CO2, other gases, water
(2) skin
- urea, salts, lactic acid, water
(3) digestive system
- salts, CO2, bile pigments, lipids, cholesterol, etc.
(4) kidneys
- metabolic wastes, drugs, hormones, etc

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6
Q

Purpose of the hilum of the kidney

A

Admits nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and the ureter

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7
Q

Three layers of connective tissue covering the kidney

A

(1) renal fascia - outermost
(2) perirenal fat capsule - adipose tissue
(3) fibrous capsule - protects kidney from trauma and infection

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8
Q

Two zones of renal parenchyma

A

(1) renal cortex

(2) renal medulla

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9
Q

Order of renal circulation

A

Aorta –> renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteries –> arcuate arteries –> interlobular (cortical radiate) arteries –> afferent arterioles –> efferent arterioles –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular veins –> arcuate veins –> interlobar veins –> renal vein –> inferior vena cava

**note there are no segmental veins

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10
Q

Renal medulla blood supply

A

Vasa recta – network of vessels stemming from efferent arterioles

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11
Q

Two principal parts of the nephron

A

(1) renal corpuscle
- filters blood plasma

(2) renal tubule
- coverts filtrate to urine

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12
Q

Components of the Renal Corpuscle

A
  • Glomerulus
  • Glomerular (Bowman) capsule
    • outer layer is simple squamous
    • inner layer has podocytes

**these components are separated by a filtrate-collecting capsular space

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13
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Cells in the visceral (inner) layer of the Bowman’s capsule that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus

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14
Q

Four main regions of the renal tubule

A

(1) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
(2) loop of Henle
(3) distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
(4) collecting duct (CD)

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15
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A
  • longest and most coiled
  • simple cuboidal epithelium with prominent microvilli
  • performs the greatest deal of absorption
16
Q

Loop of Henle

A
  • Thick and thin segments
  • Thick segments = simple cuboidal to allow transport of salts
  • Thin segments = simple squamous to be permeable to water
17
Q

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A
  • simple cuboidal, no microvilli

- end of the nephron - contacts afferent and efferent arterioles

18
Q

Collecting duct (CD)

A
  • several DCTs drain into one CD
  • simple cuboidal
  • several CDs merge to form a papillary duct which drains into the minor calyx
19
Q

Two types of nephron

A

(1) cortical nephrons

(2) juxtamedullary nephrons

20
Q

Four stages of blood plasma to urine conversion

A

(1) glomerular filtration
(2) tubular reabsorption
(3) tubular secretion
(4) water conservation

21
Q

Proteinuria (Albuminuria)

Hematuria

A

Can be causes by kidney infections or trauma to the filtration membrane

  • albumin and blood are allowed to filter through
22
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A
  • Amount of filtrate per minute for both kidneys

~180 L/day for males; ~150 for females

23
Q

Three mechanisms controlling glomerular filtration

A

Three mechanisms of glomerular filtration:

(1) renal autoregulation
- ability of nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR
(2) sympathetic control
- stress
- sympathetic fibers and adrenal epinephrine constrict afferent arterioles to slow urine production and redirect blood from kidneys to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles
(3) renin
- drop in BP stimulates JG cells to secrete renin and raise BP via angiotensin pathway

24
Q

Two mechanisms of renal autoregulation if GFR

A

(1) myogenic mechanism
- when BP rises, afferent arterioles constrict and efferent arterioles dilate to decrease blood flow
- opposite when BP drops

(2) tubuloglomerular feedback
- involves the juxtaglomerular apparatus
- macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, and mesanglial cells

25
Q

Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • epithelial cells at end of the loop on side facing arterioles
26
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • Smooth muscle cells in the afferent arterioles (some in efferent)
  • stimulated by macula densa cells to constrict or dilate the arterioles
  • contain granules of renin released in response to low BP
27
Q

Mesanglial cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • in cleft between afferent and efferent arterioles
  • among capillaries in glomerulus
  • connected to macula densa and JG cells through gap junctions and communicated through paracrine secretions
  • supportive matrix for glomerulus
  • role in phagocytosis of debris
28
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

Inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs and kidneys that acts on angiotensin to create angiotensin II – ACE inhibitors are used to lower BP

29
Q

Importance of sodium reabsorption during the tubular reabsorption step of urine formation

A
  • Na reabsorption establishes an osmotic and electrical gradient that drives the reabsorption of water and other solutes
  • other electrolytes, glucose, nitrogenous wastes, etc are also reabsorbed at this stage
30
Q

Process of tubular secretion

A

Tubular secretion is a process where the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary blood and secretes them into the tubular fluid for excretion

  • this is why drugs must be taken in doses throughout day
31
Q

Hormones regulating absorption by the DCT and CDs

A
  • Aldosterone
    • acts on thick segment of ascending limb of nephron loop, DCT, CD
    • water retention to maintain blood volume and pressure
  • Parathyroid hormone
    • acts on PCT to stimulate P excretion
    • acts on ascending limb of loop and DCT for Ca++ reabsorption
    • raises [P] and lowers [Ca] in urine
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide
    • inhibits Na and water reabsorption to decrease BP
  • ADH
    • in response to dehydration and increased osmolarity, causes reabsorption of water by CD
32
Q

Control of Timing of Micturition

A
  • Spinal Micturition reflex (pons) is activated when bladder has ~200mL
  • sensory signals travel from pelvic nerve to sacral spinal cord
  • efferent signals travel back to bladder by way of pudenal (pelvic) nerve and PS ganglion

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A&P II Final (3 decks)

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