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Gr 12 AnaPhy > THE URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

filters nitrogenous wastes from the blood and helps regulate water, electrolyte, and acid-base balances

A

The Urinary System

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2
Q

produced by the kidneys to help regulate blood pressure and produces angiotensin II

A

Renin

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3
Q

released by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow

A

Erythropoetin

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4
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. disposes wastes and excess ion
  2. regulate blood volume and maintain proper balance between water and salts, and between acids and bases
  3. produce renin and release erythropoetin
  4. convert vitamin D produced in the skin to it’s active form
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5
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A
  1. Kidneys (main organs)
  2. Paired ureters
  3. Urinary Bladder
  4. Urethra
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6
Q

What is the function of the other organs of the urinary system (excluding the the kidneys)?

A

provide temporary storage for urine or serve as transportation channels to carry it from the kidneys to the outside of the body

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7
Q

Location of the Kidneys

A
  • lie against the dorsal body wall in a retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region
  • extend from the T12 to the L3 vertebra
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8
Q

behind the parietal peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal position

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9
Q

Which kidney is lower and why?

A

the right kidney is slightly lower because it is crowded by the liver

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10
Q

What is the size of the kidneys?

A

12cm long, 6cm wide, and 3cm thick

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11
Q

medial indentation in the kidneys where several structures such as the ureters, renal blood vessels and nerves enter or exit the kidneys

A

Renal Hilum

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12
Q

sits on top of each kidney

A

Adrenal Gland

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13
Q

deepest layer of the kidney; encloses each kidney and gives it a glistening appearance

A

Fibrous Capsule

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14
Q

middle layer of the kidney; fatty mass that surrounds each kidney and cushions it against blows

A

Perirenal Fat Capsule

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15
Q

most superficial layer made of dense fibrous connective tissue; anchors kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures

A

Renal Fascia

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16
Q

caused when amount of fatty tissue dwindles and kidneys drop to a lower position; creates problems if the ureters become kinked

A

Ptosis

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17
Q

happens when urine that can no longer pass through the ureters backs up and exerts pressure on the kidney tissues; can severely damage the kidneys

A

Hydronephrosis

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18
Q

outer region; dark in colour

A

Renal Cortex

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19
Q

darker reddish brown area deep to the cortex

A

Renal Medulla

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20
Q

triangular regions with a striped appearance in the renal medulla

A

Renal or Medullary Pyramids

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21
Q

separates the renal pyramids

A

Renal Columns

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22
Q

lateral to the hilum; flat, funnel-shaped tube; continuous with the ureter leaving the hilum

A

Renal Pelvis

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23
Q

extensions of the pelvis; form cup-shaped drains that enclose the pyramid and collects urine

A

Calyces

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24
Q

artery supplying each kidney

A

Renal Artery

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25
Q

structural and functional units of the kidneys; responsible for forming urine

A

Nephrons

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26
Q

collects fluids from several nephron and conveys it to the calyces and renal pelvis

A

Collecting Ducts

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27
Q

two main structures of a nephron

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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28
Q

found in each renal corpuscle; knot of capillaries and specialises in filtration

A

Glomerulus

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29
Q

part of the renal corpuscle; cup-shaped hollow structure that surrounds the glomerulus

A

Glomerular Capsule or Bowman’s Capsule

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30
Q

highly modified octopus-like cells that make up the inner visceral layer of the capsule

A

Podocytes

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31
Q

long branching extensions that intertwine with one another and cling to the glomerulus

A

Foot Processes

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32
Q

found between foot processes; allow podocytes to form a porous or leaky membrane around the glomerulus ideal for filtration

A

Filtration Slits

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33
Q

extends from the glomerular capsule and coils and twists before forming a hairpin loop then coils and twists again before entering a collecting duct

A

Renal Tubule

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34
Q

What are the regions of the renal tubule in order from the glomerular capsule?

A
  1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  2. Nephron Loop or Loop of Henle
  3. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
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35
Q

covers and increases surface tension of tubule cells exposed to the filtrate in the PCT; found in reduced numbers in other parts of the renal tubule

A

Microvilli

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36
Q

what most nephrons are called; located almost entirely within the cortex

A

Cortical Nephrons

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37
Q

nephrons situated close to the cortex-medullary junction; nephrons loops dig deep into the medulla

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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38
Q

feeds the glomerulus; arises from a cortical radiate artery

A

Afferent Arteriole

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39
Q

receives blood as it leaves the glomerulus

A

Efferent Arteriole

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40
Q

low-pressure, porous vessels adapted for absorption; receives solutes and water from tubule cells

A

Peritubular Capillaries

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41
Q

Urine formation is the result of which three processes?

A

Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion

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42
Q

nonselective, passive process where water and solutes smaller than proteins are forces through the capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal tubule

A

Glomerular Filtration

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43
Q

fluid in the capsule; essentially blood plasma without blood proteins

A

Filtrate

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44
Q

abnormally low urinary output between 100 and 400 ml/day

A

Oliguria

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45
Q

abnormally low urinary output less than 100 ml/day

A

Anuria

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46
Q

begins when filtrate enters the PCT; water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enters into the capillary blood

A

Tubular Reabsorption

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47
Q

H+, K+, creatinine, and drugs are removed from the peritubular blood and secreted by tubule cells into the filtrate; important for getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate

A

Tubular Secretion

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48
Q

poorly or not reabsorbed; tend to remain in high concentrations in urine excreted from the body

A

Nitrogenous Wastes

49
Q

formed by the liver as an end product of protein breakdown when amino acids are used to produce energy

A

Urea

50
Q

released when nucleic acids are metabolised

A

Uric Acid

51
Q

associated with creatine metabolism in muscle tissue

A

Creatinine

52
Q

what remains of the filtrate; contains nitrogenous wastes and unneeded or excess substances

A

Urine

53
Q

pigment that results from the body’s destruction of hemoglobin; causes urine to be yellow

A

Urochrome

54
Q

compares how much heavier urine is than distilled water

A

Specific Gravity

55
Q

condition where the kidney loses its ability to concentrate urine

A

Chronic Renal Failure

56
Q

kidney inflammation that causes production of concentrated urine with a high specific gravity

A

Pyelonephritis

57
Q

Substance: Glucose

A

Name of Condition: Glycosuria
Causes:
-Nonpathological: excessive intake of sugary foods
-Pathological: diabetus mellitus

58
Q

Substance: Proteins

A

Name of Condition: Proteinuria or Albuminuria
Causes:
-Nonpathological: physical exertion, pregnancy
-Pathological: glomerulonephritis, hypertension

59
Q

Substance: Pus (WBCs and bacteria)

A

Condition: Pyuria
Cause: urinary tract infection (UTI)

60
Q

Substance: Red Blood Cells

A

Condition: Hematuria
Causes: bleeding in the urinary tract (due trauma, kidney stones, infection)

61
Q

Substance: Hemoglobin

A

Condition: Hemoglobinuria
Causes: various causes such as transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia

62
Q

Substance: Bile pigment

A

Condition: Bilirubinuria
Cause: Liver disease (hepatitis)

63
Q

carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureters

64
Q

how smooth muscle layers in ureter walls propel urine

A

Peristalsis

65
Q

crystals formed by solutes such as uric acid salts that precipitate in the renal pelvis when urine becomes extremely concentrated

A

Renal Caliculi or Kidney Stones

66
Q

What causes caliculi formation?

A

Frequent bacterial infections of the urinary tract, urinary retention, and alkaline urine

67
Q

noninvasive procedure that uses ultrasound waves to shatter caliculi

A

Lithostripy

68
Q

smooth, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily

A

Urinary Bladder

69
Q

two ureter openings

A

Ureteral Orifices

70
Q

singular opening of the urethra which drains the bladder

A

Internal Urethral Orifice

71
Q

smooth triangular region of the bladder outlined by its three openings; where infections tend to persist

A

Trigone

72
Q

surrounds the neck of the bladder where it empties into the urethra

A

Prostate

73
Q

collective term for three layers of smooth muscle on the bladder wall

A

Detrusor Muscle

74
Q

epithelium of detrusor muscle

A

Transitional Epithelium

75
Q

thin-walled tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body

A

Urethra

76
Q

at the bladder-urethra junction; keeps urethra closed when urine is not being passed

A

Internal Urethral Sphincter

77
Q

formed by skeletal muscle as the urethra passes through the pelvic floor; voluntarily controlled

A

External Urethral Sphincter

78
Q

inflammation of the urethra

A

Urethritis

79
Q

inflammation of the bladder

A

Cystitis

80
Q

kidney inflammation

A

Pyelonephritis or Pyelitis

81
Q

Symptoms of UTI

A

dysuria, urinary urgency and frequency, fever, cloudy or blood-tinged urine

82
Q

painful urination

A

Dysuria

83
Q

act of emptying the bladder

A

Micturition or Voiding

84
Q

transmits impulses to the sacral region of the spinal cord and back to the bladder

A

Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

85
Q

occurs when a person is unable to voluntarily control the external sphincter

A

Incontinence

86
Q

bladder is unable to expel its container urine

A

Urinary retention

87
Q

enlargement of an organ or tissue

A

Hyperplasia

88
Q

slender, flexible tube inserted through the urethra to drain the urine and prevent bladder trauma from excessive stretching

A

Catheter

89
Q

Three major factors that affect the composition of blood:

A

diet, cellular metabolism, and urine output

90
Q

Four major roles of the kidneys:

A
  • excreting nitrogen-containing wastes
  • maintaining water balance of the blood
  • maintaining electrolyte balance of the blood
  • ensuring proper blood pH
91
Q

percentage of water in young adults

A

60% in men, 50% in women

92
Q

percentage of water in babies

A

75%

93
Q

percentage of water in old age

A

45%

94
Q

What is the full flow of blood through the kidneys?

A

Aorta - Renal Artery - Segmental Artery - Interlobar Artery - Arcuate Artery - Cortical Radiate Artery - Afferent Arteriole - Glomerulus - Efferent Arteriole - Cortical Radiate Vein - Arcuate Vein - Interlobar Vein - Renal Vein - Inferior Vena Cava

95
Q

universal body solvent within which all solutes are dissolved

A

water

96
Q

fluid compartment where two-thirds of body fluid is contained within the living cells

A

intracellular fluid (ICF)

97
Q

includes all body fluids located outside the cells

A

extracellular fluids

98
Q

What are the fluids involved in ECF?

A

blood plasma, interstitial fluid (IF) between cells, lymph, and trancellular fluid (cerebrospinal and serous fluid, the humours of the eye, etc.)

99
Q

fluids in chambers lined with epithelium

A

transcellular fluid

100
Q

“highway” that links the internal and external environment

A

plasma

101
Q

driving force for water intake

A

thirst mechanism

102
Q

highly sensitive cells in the hypothalamus that activates the hypothalamic thirst center

A

osmoreceptors

103
Q

How can water leave the body?

A
  • vaporize out of the lungs (insensible water loss)
  • lost in perspiration
  • leaves the body in stool
104
Q

How do the kidneys regulate fluid volume?

A
  • if large amounts of water is lost, kidneys produce less urine
  • if water intake is excessive, kidneys produce more urine
105
Q

hormone that prevents excessive water loss in the urine; causes duct cells to reabsorb more water

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

106
Q

huge amounts of very dilute urine (25 ml/day) is flushed from the body

A

diabetus insipidus

107
Q

What are the effects of diabetus insipidus?

A
  • severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
  • always thirsty and needs to drink fluids almost continuously to maintain normal fluid balance
108
Q

happens when potassium ions in the ECF is low; muscle cells are unable to repolarize properly

A

muscle cramps

109
Q

hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is a major factor in regulating sodium ion content of the ECF and in the process, helps regulate the concentration of other ions

A

aldosterone

110
Q

electrolytes most responsible for osmotic water flow

A

sodium ions

111
Q

the most important trigger for aldosterone release

A

renin-angiotensin mechanism

112
Q

mediates the renin-angiotensin mechanism

A

juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus of the renal tubules

113
Q

acts on the blood vessels to cause vasoconstriction and on the adrenal cortical cells to promote aldosterone release

A

angiotensin II

114
Q

alert sympathetic nervous system centers if the brain to cause vasoconstriction via release of epinephrine and norepinephrine; major focus is blood pressure regulation

A

baroreceptors

115
Q

people with this disease have polyuria; lose tremendous amounts of salt and water to urine

A

Addison’s Disease

116
Q

when one excretes large amounts of urine

A

polyuria

117
Q

when pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45

A

alkalosis

118
Q

when pH of arterial blood is below 7.35

A

acidosis

119
Q

any arterial pH level between 7.0 and 7.35

A

physiological acidosis

Gr 12 AnaPhy (2 decks)

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