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Gr 12 AnaPhy > THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

primary reproductive organs of the male reproductive system

A

testes

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2
Q

two functions of the testes

A

exocrine function (sperm production) and endocrine function (testosterone production)

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3
Q

ducts or glands that aid in delivery of sperm to the body exterior or to the female reproductive tract

A

accessory reproductive structures

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4
Q

size of testes

A

golf ball-sized; 4cm long by 2.5cm wide

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5
Q

connective tissue sheath that connects testes to the trunk and encloses blood vessels, nerves, and the ductus deferens

A

spermatic cord

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6
Q

fibrous connective tissue capsule that surrounds each testis

A

tunica albuginea

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7
Q

extensions of the tunica albuginea

A

septa

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8
Q

wedge-shaped; divided by the septa

A

lobules

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9
Q

“sperm forming factories”

A

seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

emptied into by the seminiferous tubules; located to one side of the testis

A

rete testis

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11
Q

first part of the duct system; hugs the posterior surface of the testis and provides a temporary storage site for the immature sperm

A

epididymis

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12
Q

lies in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules

A

interstitial cells

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13
Q

produced by interstitial cells

A

androgens

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14
Q

most important type of androgen; stimulates adolescent growth spurt, prompts reproductive organs to develop to adult size, underlies sex drive, and causes male secondary sex characteristics to appear

A

testosterone

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15
Q

What are the accessory organs forming the male duct system?

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra

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16
Q

How long does it take for the sperm to pass through the epididymis?

A

20 days

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17
Q

What happens to the sperm as they make their way along the epididymis?

A

complete maturation and develop the ability to swim

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18
Q

result of the walls of the epididymis contracting to expel sperm into the ductus deferens

A

ejaculation

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19
Q

What is the path of the ductus deferens?

A
  1. runs upwards from the epididymis via the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal
  2. arches over the superior aspect of the urinary blafder
  3. loops medially over the ureter and descends along the posterior bladder wall
  4. expands as the ampulla and empties into the ejaculatory duct which passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra
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20
Q

main function of the ductus deferens

A

propel live sperm from the epididymis and distal part of the ductus deferens into the urethra

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21
Q

What happens to the ductus deferens during ejaculation?

A

thick layers of smooth muscle in its walls create peristaltic waves that rapidly squeeze the sperm forward

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22
Q

minor operation where surgeon makes a small incision into the scrotum and cuts and ties off the ductus deferens

A

vasectomy

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23
Q

extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis; terminal part of the male duct system

A

urethra

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24
Q

What are the three regions of the urethra?

A

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy (penile urethra)

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25
Q

surrounded by the prostate gland

A

prostatic urethra

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26
Q

spans the distance from the prostatic urethra to the penis

A

membranous urethra

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27
Q

runs within the length of the penis and opens to the body exterior

A

spongy (penile) urethra

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28
Q

where the spongy (penile) urethra exits onto the exterior

A

external urethral orifice

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29
Q

constricts when ejaculation occurs to prevent urine from entering the urethra and semen from entering the urinary bladder

A

internal urethral sphincter

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30
Q

What are the accessory glands?

A

paired seminal vesicles, single prostate gland, and paired bulbourethral glands

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31
Q

produces the bulk of semen

A

accessory glands

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32
Q

sperm-containing fluid that is propelled out of the male reproductive tract during ejaculation; milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

A

semen

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33
Q

description of the seminal vesicle

A

located at the base of the bladder; 6 cm - 7 cm long and produces 60% of the semen

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34
Q

What substances are found in seminal fluid?

A

fructose (sugar), vitamin C, and prostaglandins

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35
Q

How is the ejaculatory duct formed?

A

the seminal vesicle and ductus deferens merge

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36
Q

single, donut-shaped gland about the size of a peach

A

prostate gland

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37
Q

milky fluid that plays a role in sperm activation

A

prostate fluid

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38
Q

How is the prostate gland palpated?

A

through the anterior rectal wall

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39
Q

How does the prostate work during ejaculation?

A

prostate fluid enters the urethra through several small ducts

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40
Q

increase in size independent of growth

A

hypertrophy

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41
Q

affects nearly every older man and strangles th prostate

A

hypertrophy of the prostate

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42
Q

bladder infections

A

cystitis

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43
Q

effects of hypertrophy

A

difficulty in urinating and enhances risk in cystitis and kidney damage

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44
Q

How is hypertrophy of the prostate addressed?

A
  • surgery (traditional method)
  • using drugs or microwaves to shrink the prostate
  • laser treatments to remove excess prostate tissue
  • inserting a scope through the urethra and removing all but the outer part of the prostate
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45
Q

inflammation of the prostate; single most common reason men consult a urologist

A

prostatitis

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46
Q

third most prevalent cancer in men

A

prostate cancer

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47
Q

tiny, pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate gland

A

bulbourethral glands

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48
Q

thick clear mucus that drains and cleanses the urethra and acts as a lubricant during intercourse; first secretion to pass down the urethra when a man is sexually excited

A

secretion of the bulbourethral gland

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49
Q

What is the purpose of the liquid portion of semen?

A

acts as a transport medium for nutrients and chemicals that protect the spinal cord m and aids their movement

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50
Q

streamlined cellular “tadpoles” containing little cytoplasm or stored nutrients

A

mature sperm cells

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51
Q

provides essentially all of the energy fuel of the sperm cells

A

fructose

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52
Q

hormone that enhances sperm motility

A

relaxin

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53
Q

How much semen is ejected during ejaculation?

A

2 ml to 5 ml

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54
Q

How much sperm is found per milliliter of semen?

A

50 to 150 million sperm

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55
Q

inability of the male to conceive a child

A

male infertility

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56
Q

one of the first series of tests done when a couple is unable to conceive a child

A

semen analysis

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57
Q

What sperm count makes impregnation improbable?

A

less than 20 million sperm

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58
Q

What organs are included in the male external genitalia?

A

scrotum and penis

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59
Q

divided sac of skin with sparse hairs that hangs outside the abdominal cavity, between the legs and the roof of the penis

A

scrotum

60
Q

Why are the testes dangling out of the body?

A

viable sperm can only be produced in a temperature 3°C lower than body temperature

61
Q

functions to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

A

penis

62
Q

The penis consists of…

A

the shaft and the glans penis

63
Q

enlarged tip of the penis

A

glans penis

64
Q

loose skin of the penis that is folded downwards to form a sleeve of skin around the proximal end of the glans penis

A

prepuce or foreskin

65
Q

procedure where foreskin is removed shortly after birth

A

circumcision

66
Q

spongy tissue that fills with blood during sexual excitement

A

erectile tissue

67
Q

causes the penis to enlarge and helps it serve as the male organ of copulation to deliver semen into the female reproductive tract

A

erection

68
Q

other term for sexual intercourse

A

copulation

69
Q

What is the chief role of the male in the reproductive process?

A

produce sperm and the hormone testosterone

70
Q

sperm production which begins during puberty and continues throughout life

A

spermatogenesis

71
Q

primitive stem cells found in the periphery (outer edge) of each tubule that begins the process of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia

72
Q

What happens to spermatogonia from birth until puberty?

A

go through rapid mitotic divisions to build up the stem cell line and produce more stem cells

73
Q

secreted in increasing amounts by the anterior pituitary gland during puberty

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

74
Q

products of each division of a spermatogonium from puberty onwards

A

type A daughter cell (stem cell) and type B daughter cell

75
Q

daughter cell that remains at the tubule periphery to maintain the stem cell production

A

type A daughter cell

76
Q

daughter cell that gets pushed into the tubule lumen, where it becomes a primary spermatocyte that will undergo meiosis

A

type B daughter cell

77
Q

where type B daughter cell gets pushed into

A

tubule lumen

78
Q

special type of nuclear division that occurs only in the gonads

A

meiosis

79
Q

How does meiosis differ from mitosis?

A

consists of two successive divisions of the nucleus (meiosis I and II) and results in four daughter cells or gametes

80
Q

gametes in spermatogenesis

A

spermatids

81
Q

How many chromosomes are in a spermatid?

A

23 chromosomes

82
Q

last stage of sperm development where excess cytoplasm is sloughed off and what remains is reshaped into the three regions of the sperm

A

spermiogenesis

83
Q

What are the three regions of the fully formed sperm?

A

the head, midpiece, and tail

84
Q

contained in the sperm head

A

nucleus with compacted DNA

85
Q

anterior to the nucleus; produced by the golgi apparatus and is similar to a large lysosome

A

acrosome

86
Q

What happens when an acrosome comes into close contact with an oocyte?

A

membrane breaks down and releases enzymes that help sperm penetrate the capsule of follicle cells surrounding the egg

87
Q

form the long tail; arises from centrioles in the midpiece

A

filaments

88
Q

wrapped tightly around the filaments and provides the ATP needed for the rolling, one-sided movements of the tail that propel sperm along the female reproductive tract

A

mitochondria

89
Q

How does the sperm move?

A

rolling, one-sided movement of the tail; accomplished as the head of the sperm rotates while the tail beats to one side

90
Q

How long does the entire learning process from the formation of a primary spermatocyte to the release of immature sperm in the lumen take?

A

64 to 72 days

91
Q

antibiotics that can suppress sperm formation

A

penicillin and tetracycline

92
Q

can cause production of abnormal sperm

A

radiation, lead, certain pesticides, marijuana, tobacco, and excessive alcohol

93
Q

released by the anterior pituitary gland; stimulates the interstitial cells for testosterone production

A

lutinizing hormone (LH)

94
Q

What are the male secondary sex characteristics?

A

deepening of the voice as the larynx enlarges, increased hair growth all over the body, particularly in the axillary and public regions and on the face, enlargement of skeletal muscles mass typical of the male physique, and increased heaviness of the skeleton due to bone growth in size and density

95
Q

condition where testosterone is not produced in a young man so his secondary sex characteristics never appear and his other reproductive organs remain childlike

A

sexual infantilism

96
Q

inability of interstitial cells to produce testosterone results in a decrease in size and functions of his reproductive organs

A

castration of the adult male

97
Q

occurs because testosterone is necessary for the final stages of sperm production

A

sterility

98
Q

primary female reproductive organ; resemble almonds in their shape but are nearly twice as large

A

ovaries

99
Q

products of the ovaries

A

exocrine (eggs or ovum) and endocrine (progesterone and estrogens)

100
Q

function of the other organs of the female reproductive system

A

accessory structures to transport, nurture, or serve the needs of reproductive cells and the developing fetus

101
Q

tiny saclike structures in the ovary

A

ovarian follicles

102
Q

found in each follicle; an immature egg

A

oocyte

103
Q

fluid-filled central region developed as the follicle matures and enlargens

A

antrum

104
Q

term for the follicle at the stage where it matures and develops an antrum

A

vesicular or Graafian follicle

105
Q

event where the developing egg is ready to be ejected

A

ovulation

106
Q

ruptured follicle found after ovulation; eventually degenerates

A

corpus luteum

107
Q

How often does ovulation generally occur?

A

every 28 days; can occur more or less frequently in some women

108
Q

anatomical location of the ovaries

A

flank the uterus laterally; secures to the lateral walls of the pelvis by the suspensory ligaments and are anchored to the uterus medially by the ovarian ligaments; enclosed and held in place by the broad ligament

109
Q

secures the ovaries to the lateral walls of the pelvis

A

suspensory ligaments

110
Q

anchors the ovaries to the uterus medially

A

ovarian ligaments

111
Q

fold of peritoneum that encloses the ovaries in between the uterine tubes; suspends the uterus in the pelvis

A

broad ligament

112
Q

What are the organs that are part of the duct system of the female reproductive system?

A

uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

113
Q

form the initial part of the duct system; receives the ovulated oocyte and the usual site where fertilisation occurs

A

uretine or fallopian tubes

114
Q

anatomical description of the uterine tubes

A

10 cm long and extends medially from an ovary to empty into the superior region of the uterus; enclosed and supported by the broad ligament

115
Q

funnel-shaped distal end of the uterine tubes

A

infundibulum

116
Q

fingerlike projection of the infundibulum that partially surrounds the ovary

A

fimbriae

117
Q

How does the oocyte expelled from the ovary travel through the uterine tubes?

A

waving fimbriae create fluid currents that carry the oocyte into the uterine tube; oocyte is carried towards the uterus by a combination of peristalsis and the rhythmic beating of cilia from the endothelial lining of the uterine tube

118
Q

Where are many potential eggs lost?

A

peritoneal cavity

119
Q

How long does the journey to the uterus take?

A

3 to 4 days

120
Q

How long does a viable oocyte last?

A

at most 24 hours

121
Q

What is the path of the sperm through the female reproductive system?

A

upwards through the vagina and uterus to reach the uterine tubes; swim against the current of the cilia

122
Q

severe inflammation caused by gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted bacteria spreading from the reproductive tract and infecting the peritoneal cavity; can cause scarring and closure of the uterine tubes, which is one of the major causes of female infertility

A

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

123
Q

hollow organ located in the pelvis between the urinary bladder and rectum that functions to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilised egg and aid in childbirth

A

uterus

124
Q

description of the uterus before pregnancy

A

size and shape of a pear

125
Q

description of the uterus during pregnancy

A

increases trumendously in size and can be felt well above the umbilicus

126
Q

anchors uterus anteriorly

A

round ligament

127
Q

anchors uterus posteriorly

A

uterosacral ligament

128
Q

major portion of the uterus

A

body

129
Q

rounded region of the uterus superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes

A

fundus

130
Q

narrow outlet of the uterus that protrudes inferiorly into the vagina

A

cervix

131
Q

three layers of the uterus

A

endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

132
Q

inner layer or mucosa where the young embryo burrows itself and resides during its development

A

endometrium

133
Q

process where the young embryo burrows itself in the endometrium

A

implantation

134
Q

process where endothelial lining sloughs off every 28 days in response to changes in the level of ovarian hormones in the blood

A

menstruation, menses, or “period”

135
Q

cancer that is relatively common among women between ages 30 and 50

A

cervical cancer

136
Q

risk factors of cervical cancer

A

sexually transmitted diseases such as human papillomavirus (HPV), frequent cervical inflammation, multiple pregnancies, and many sexual partners

137
Q

major cause of cervical cancer

A

human papillomavirus (HPV)

138
Q

most important test for detecting cervical cancer

A

pap smear

139
Q

How can you test for HPV?

A

pap smear or from a blood sample

140
Q

three-dose vaccine that provides protection from the most common types of HPV-induced cancer

A

Gardasil

141
Q

bulky middle layer of uterus that is composed of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle; contracts rhythmically to force the baby out of the mother’s body

A

myometrium

142
Q

outermost serous layer of the uterus wall

A

perimetrium or visceral peritoneum

143
Q

female organ for copulation that receives the penis during intercourse; provides a passageway for the delivery of an infant and for the menstrual flow to leave the body

A

vagina

144
Q

anatomical description of the vagina

A

thin-walled tube 8 to 10 cm long; lies between the bladder and rectum and extends from the cervix to the body exterior

145
Q

thin fold of mucosa that closes the distal end of the vagina

A

hymen

Gr 12 AnaPhy (2 decks)

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