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GCSE Geography > The Urban World > Flashcards

The Urban World Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Urbanisation and comment on the different speeds of it around the world

A

Urbanisation is the increasing percentage of people moving to live in town and cities.

HIC = already been urbanized
NEE = Rapidly increasing economy
LIC = The highest percentage of people moving to live in urban places
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2
Q

Reasons for Urbanisation

A

1) Rural-urban migration = movement of people from the countryside into towns and cities
2) Natural Increase = birth rate is higher than the death rate

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3
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city with a population of over 10 million e.g. Mumbai, Shanghai

Most are coastal due to historical reasons of it being used for trade.

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4
Q

What are the pull factors for Urbanisation?

A
  • more jobs
  • Healthcare and Education more accessible
  • joining other family members
  • promotes a higher standard of living
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5
Q

What are the push factors for Urbanisation?

A
  • Fewer jobs
  • Desertification may make farming difficult
  • Flee due to conflict
  • Lack of education
  • few doctors and hospitals
  • poor harvest leading to malnutrition and famine
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6
Q

Why has Rio de Janeiro grown?

A
  • common language attract people from Portugal
  • Rio’s industry attracts skilled workers from UK and US
  • South Korea and China migrants seeking new job opportunities
  • In the last 50 years it has become a major industrial, administrative, commercial and tourist centre
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7
Q

Describe Rio’s Location

A
  • situated on Brazil’s Atlantic coast
  • grown around a large natural bay called Guanabara Bay
  • cultural capital
  • Industrial and Financial centre
  • South American continent

Population: 6.5 million in the city as of 2014
12.5 million in Greater Rio

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8
Q

Name the zones of Rio and an aspect of each of them

A

North Zone:
- the city’s main industrial and port area

West Zone:

  • Main Olympic stadiums and competitor village known as Campo Grande for 2016 located here
  • Low quality housing

South Zone:

  • Developed after tunnels were cut through mountains
  • Rio’s main tourist hotels and beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanema

Centro:
- Financial centre: headquarters of Petrobus and CVBB ( Brazil’s largest oil and mining companies)

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9
Q

Rio’s social challenges: Water Supply

A

Problem:

  • Around 12% of Rio’s population did not have access to running water
  • estimated that 37% of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal acess

Solution:

  • most work has been on improving quality and quantity of water in favelas and Olympic Park
  • 7 new treatment plants
  • Over 300km of pipes were laid
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10
Q

Rio’s Social Challenge: Energy

A

Problem:

  • whole city suffers frequent block outs due to shortage
  • Many people living in the poorer parts of Rio get their electricity by illegally tapping into the main supply, which is risky and unsafe

Solutions:

  • installing 60km of new power lines
  • building a new nuclear generator
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11
Q

Rio’s Social Challenge: Healthcare

A

Problem:

  • in 2013 only 55% of people had a local family health clinic
  • services for pregnant woman and elderly people are very poor especially in the West zone

Solutions:
- e.g. in Favela of Santa Marta
= Medical Staff took a health kit into people’s homes and were able to detect 20 different diseases therefore infant mortality has dropped

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12
Q

Rio’s Social Challenge: Education

A

Problem:
- compulsory education in Brazil is 6-14 only; half of children continue education after 14
= due to: shortage of teachers and schools and/or lack of money and family need them to work

Solutions:

  • opening a private university
  • making money available for free lessons in volleyball, football in Rocinha favelas
  • encouraging local people to volunteer to help in schools
  • giving school grants to poor families to meet the cost of keeping children in school
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13
Q

How has the growing economic prosperity affected Rio?

A

Growing economic prosperity has attracted large companies to create economic opportunities in the Formal economy.

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14
Q

Name the types of employment in Rio

A

Tourism, Port( Import and Export), Construction, Service(e.g. Finance and banking), Manufacturing

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15
Q

What is the crime problem in Rio?

A

Problem:

  • Murder, kidnapping, carjacking and armed assault occur regularly
  • Gang violence e.g. Red command

Solutions:
- Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
- Police have taken control of crime dominated Complexo do Alemao and 30 smaller favelas
= Criticism about Police, arguing that it is an attack on their freedom

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16
Q

Why is there such a big contrast in wealth, unemployment and what is being done about it?

A

Unemployment is one reason where there is such a contrast in wealth

  • in favelas unemployment rates are over 20%
  • most people work in the informal economy e.g. street vendors
  • work is poorly paid, irregular and unreliable

Solutions:

  • Courses for adult education
  • Free child care for teenage parents
  • try to reduce youth unemployment
  • practical skills - based courses
17
Q

Rio’s Environmental Challenges: Air pollution (Traffic Congestion

A

Problem:

  • Rio is the most congested city in South America
  • High crime levels means that people prefer to travel by car
  • Steep mountains allow roads to be only built on coastal lowland - Main transport routes get congested/

Solutions:

  • expansion of the metro System
  • new toll roads into city centre to reduce congestion
  • making coast roads one way during rush hours to improve traffic flow
18
Q

Rio’s Environmental Challenges: Waste pollution

A

Problem:
- worst waste problems in favelas
= houses built on steep slopes making it hard for waste collection lorries
- Most waste is therefore dumped and poillutes water system = causes diseases such as cholera

Solution:
- A power plant has been set up near the University of Rio using methane gas from rotting rubbish.
= consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and produces enough electricity for 1000 homes

19
Q

Rio’s Environmental Challenges: Water Pollution

A

Problem:

  • Guanabara Bay is heavily polluted causing threat to wildlife
  • oil spills from Petrobus oil refinery
  • over 50 tonnes of industrial waste enters bay each day
  • Ships empty fuel tanks into the bay as there is no proper way of disposing it
  • over 200 tonnes of raw sewage gets dumped

Solutions:

  • 12 new sewage works built
  • ships are fined for discharging fuel into the bay illegally
  • 5km of new sewage pipes installed into bay polluted areas
20
Q

Why have favelas grown and where are they located?

A

Favelas = illegal squatter settlements where people have built homes on land they do not own
- result of Rural-urban migration

Location:

  • 60% in the suburbs
  • 25% in the outer parts of the city
21
Q

Describe Rocinha and about its improvements

A
  • Rocinha is the largest favela in Rio
  • Population in 2010: 75,000
  • South Zone

As a result of improvements:

  • 90% of buildings/ homes are made of bricks, have electricity and sewage systems
  • schools, health facilities and private university
  • own newspaper and radio stations
22
Q

Describe the challenges of squatter settlements

A

1) Construction
- houses are poorly constructed using basic materials e.g. iron
- steep slopes so people die from landslides

2) Services
- sewers are often open drains
- over 30% do not have electricity connections therefore there are illegal connections to electricity pylons
- around 50% have no sewage connections

3) Unemployment
- rates as high as 20%
- Average income may be less than £75 a month

4) Crime
- murder rate of 20 per 1000 people
- Drug gangs e.g. Red Command
- inhabitants distrust police because of violence and corruption

5) Health
- Infant mortality rates are as high as 50 per 100
- Population density of 37000 per km2
- Burning rubbish sets fire to wooden homes

23
Q

Overview on the Favela Bairro Project

A
  • started in 1995
  • ‘slum to neighbourhood’
  • City authorities set aside to improve 60 of the 600 favelas
  • 73 communities
  • 253, 000 residents
24
Q

Social Impact due to Favela Bairro Project

A
  • services to help drug addicts, victims of domestic violence
  • UPP set up with police patrolling
  • Adult education classes to improve literacy
  • Building of new health, leisure and facilities
25
Q

Economic Impact due to Favela Bairro Project

A
  • Residents pay to the government therefore improvement of services
  • Training schemes to help people get better at their jobs
  • 100% mortgages available for people to buy their homes
26
Q

Environmental Impact due to Favela Bairro Project

A
  • Widening and paving streets to allow easier access
  • Replacement of wooden houses with brick
  • Homes on dangerously steep slopes removed
27
Q

What are the successes of the Favela Bairro Project

A
  • Standard of Living has improved
  • Property value have increased by 80% - 120%
  • Infant Mortality rate is reduced due to local health
  • Local businesses have double the income
28
Q

What are the failures of the Favela Bairro Project

A
  • Newly built infrastructure is not being maintained
  • Residents lack the skills and resources to make repairs
  • Rent rise in the improved favelas meaning that the poorest inhabitants are even worse off.

GCSE Geography (9 decks)

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