The Urban World Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
The proportion of the world population who live in cities
Describe the global pattern of urban change?
Global urbanisation has grown as the population increases
What percent of the world population is living in urban areas?
Over 50%
How does the rate of urbanisation differ between rich and poor countries?
In HICs the rate of urbanisation is very slow as urbanisation is already very high and people are moving out of cities for a better quality of life
In LICs people move towards urban areas for job opportunities, standard of living, health care etc.
What countries will have the largest urban population by 2050?
India, China, Nigeria
What is a push factor?
Things that encourage people to move away from an area
What is a pull factor?
Things that make people move towards an area
What are 4 push factors?
- Farming is hard and poorly paid
- Schools only provide basic education
- War and conflict cause people to flee homes
- Desertification can make farming difficult
What are 4 pull factors?
- More jobs with better pay
- Access to better healthcare and education
- Joining other family members who have already moved
- Better quality of life
What is a mega city?
A mega city is a city with a population of over 10million
What are the three types of mega city?
- Slow growing
- growing
- Rapid growing
What are features and examples of a slow growing mega city?
Population of 70%+ urban and no squatter settlements
Tokyo, Moscow, Los Angeles
What are features and examples of a growing mega city?
Population 40-50% urban and under 20% squatter settlement
Beijing, Rio de Janeiro, Shanghai
What are features and examples of a fast-growing mega city?
Population under 50% urban and over 20% squatter settlement
Where is Rio de Janeiro?
Rio is in Brazil, it has grown around the large bay of guanabara bay.
Why is Rio important?
It is a major exporter of coffee, sugar and iron
It is the culture capital of the world
It is one of the most visited cities in the southern hemisphere
Stunning natural surroundings
Home to one of seven new wonders of the world - Chris the redeemer
Why has Rio grown rapidly in the last 50 years?
Rio has grown rapidly to become a major industrial, commercial and tourist city.
Migrants move from:
Other parts of Brazil
From other countries in South America
More recent migrants from Korea and China seeking business
Migrants from common language countries
Large industry attracts workers from uk and USA
What are some key features of Rio’s North zone?
- city’s main industrial and port area
- are of low quality housing and favelas
What are some key features of Rio’s West zone?
- location of Olympic stadiums and competitors village
- changed from lower class areas to wealthy suburb
What are some key features of Rio’s south zone?
- main tourist areas
- wealthy area dominated by luxury flats
What are some key features of Rio’s centro zone?
- oldest part of the city
- financial centre of the city
Outline Rio’s Social challenges
- health care
- education
- water supply
- energy
Explain Rio’s health care challenge and solution?
Challenge - low life expectancy, disease and high infant mortality rate
Solution - improving health care in favelas by sending in medical staff
Explain Rio’s education challenge and solution?
Challenge - shortage of schools , shortage of teachers, poor pay and training
Solution - encouraging locals to volunteer at schools, giving grants to local families
Explain Rio’s water supply challenge and solution?
Challenge - 12% of Rio’s population did not have access to running water
Solution - seven new water treatment plants were built and 300km of new pipes were laid
Explain Rio’s energy challenge and solution?
Challenge - city suffers feweutn frequent blackouts, many people illegally taps into mains
Solution - installing 60km of new lines, buying new nuclear generator
Outline Rio’s economic challenges?
Unemployment
Crime
Informal economy
Explain Rio’s unemployment challenge and solution?
Challenge - Brazil was hit my a large recession, hug( taxes and poor education
Solution - using education to reduce young unemployment, new courses available for adults to get back into education
Explain Rio’s crime challenge and solution?
Challenge - murder, kidnapping, carjacking, armed assault
Solution - Pacifying Police Units are reclaiming favelas from crime
What are the social opportunities in Rio?
Stunning natural surroundings, hosted Olympics and World Cup, culture capital if the world.
Tried to create new opportunities by combating social challenges
What are the economic opportunities in Rio?
Large financial sector, large steel works, large tourist economy, lots of port exports, lots of jobs have increased formal economy
New economic opportunities are being created by combatting economic challenges
Outline Rio’s environmental challenges
Traffic pollution
Water pollution
Explain Rio’s traffic congestion challenge and solution?
Challenge - many prefer to travel by car because of high crime rates, roads are congested as roads cannot be built on steel mountains
Solution - expansion of the metro system, new toll roads
Explain Rio’s water pollution challenge and solution?
Challenge - bay is polluted, heavily polluted rivers, oil spills, raw sewage
Solution - 12 new sewage works, fines for dumping oil
Outline some key challenges in favelas
Construction- poorly built houses, bad materials
Services - some houses without sewers, water or electricity
Unemployment - jobs are poorly paid and employment rates are low
Crime - high number of murders, drug gangs dominate favelas
Health - high population densities, high infant mortality rate
Outline 2 favela improvements projects
Favela painting project
Developing minds foundation
Explain the favela painting project
A project where favelas are painted by locals with the aid of professional artists. It improves the aesthetics and well being in the favelas
Explain the developing minds foundation
A foundation that builds classrooms and schools and they sponsor early childhood education. Education allows children to learn and then get jobs in the formal economy
What are the two major cities in the UK?
London - capital, global city, financial centre, most dense part of uk
Birmingham - second city, centre of Industrial Revolution
What makes Bristol a major uk city?
Population of around 500,000
Two universities
Largest silicon chip industry
Two cathedrals
8th most popular city
Why is Bristol important internationally?
- airport links to major European cities
- large tech and finance industries
- Bristol uni attracts students all over the world
What are the impacts of migration in Bristol?
Enriching the cities culture
Young migrants balance ageing population
Contributions to local and national economy
Pressures on housing and employment
How has urban change created social opportunities in Bristol?
Cultural opportunities - large youth scene, nightclubs, music, etc.
Leisure and sport - two pro football teams, rugby team
Shopping - growing leisure activity, Cabot circus - 500million
How has urban change created economic opportunities in Bristol?
- tech companies have developed with a growing number of employees
- educated and skilled workforce
- advanced research and connections with universities
- aerospace industry - 14 of 15 largest companies with growing numbers
What is the reason for such harsh differences in wealth in Rio?
The high rate of urbanisation means people are migrating to Rio faster than what the city can handle. This leads to favelas and areas of poor construction, services, education and work
How has urban change created environmental opportunities in Bristol?
Urban change means that the city has large number of people so they environment needs to be tailored to the changing urban population.
Outline the reasons how urban change created environmental challenges
Dereliction
Urban sprawl
What was Bristol awarded and why ?
Bristol was awarded European green capital of 2015 because of the cities plans to improve the environment and the environmental opportunities there are
What is urban greening?
Urban greening is the process of integrating green spaced into urban areas
Explain urban greening in Bristol
More than a third of Bristol is open space
27% of the city to be part of a wildlife network
30 of city to be covered with trees
Explain Bristols environmental challenge of dereliction?
Many areas across Bristol have become run-down due to the shutting of many industrial buildings
How has urban growth lead to urban sprawl?
Bristols growing population has lead to a demand for new housing.
What is urban sprawl?
Unplanned growth of urban areas into rural areas
What is Bristol doing to reduce urban sprawl?
- redeveloping brownfields sites instead of building on greenfields
- brownfield developments plan in high housing density
- introducing the green belt system
Outline how Bristol is planning on creating a cleaner environment.
Reducing effects of waste disposal
Lowering vehicle emissions
Explain how Bristol is improving waste disposal.
- reducing waste sent to landfill
- reducing waste generated per household
- ## increasing recycling
Explain how Bristol is reducing pollution.
Reducing speed limits
Creating more walking and cycling routes
New electric vehicle programme
Poo bus
What is a brownfield site?
Land that has been used and abandoned and now awaits reuse. Often found in urban areas
What is a greenfield site?
A plot of land that has not been built on before
What are three positives and negatives of buildings on a greenfield site?
Positives
- more land available
- less congestion/ more pleasant environments
- asker to build on
Negatives
- not sustainable
- no infrastructure and services
- harms and damages environment
What are three positives and negatives of building on a brownfield site?
Positives
- already has necessary infrastructure
- more sustainable
- already has transport links
Negatives
- expensive
- unsafe sites and locations
- lack of services and infrastructure for new purpose of site
What affect does urban sprawl have on the rural-urban fringe?
As urban sprawl increases there it has a negative effect on the rural-urban fringe because there is more competition for the land
What is the rural-urban fringe?
A zone of transition between a built up rural area and the countryside
What is the green belt in Bristol?
A area of land that is protected to housing development specifically between Bristol and their commuter settlement bath to prevent urban sprawl on the rural urban fringe
What is social deprivation?
The extent an individual or area lacks services, decent housing, adequate income or employment
How has urban change created social deprivation?
Social deprivation is caused by a lack of development in the city as the urban population increases
What is the example of social inequality in Bristol?
Filwood and Stoke Bishop
What are 4 facts about Filwood that exemplify social deprivation?
It’s in the top 10% of most social deprives areas in the country
Over 1300 crimes per year
Poor access to shops selling fresh items
1/3 people ages 16-24 are unemployed
Only around 40% of students get top grades
What are some facts about Stoke Bishop that show social inequality?
Affluent suburb
Only 3% are unemployed
Less than 300 crimes per year
Around 90% of student got top grades
What is Bristols example of an urban regeneration project?
The Temple Quarter regeneration
Why did the temple quarter need regeneration?
- very run down
- bad impression to visitors
- bad impression to passer byes
Outline the two main features of the temple quarter regeneration project
Bristol arena
Brunei’s engine shed
How was the Bristol arena regenerated in temple quarter
Bristol is largest city without a large venue
Can be used for smaller theatre style events but also major conventions
Area around it becomes somewhere people visit.
How was the templ quarter regenerated with the Brunels engine shed ?
1.7 million £ innovation centre
Home to high tech companies
Add to Bristols importance as major tech centre
Brings more people to the area for work
Outline the three features of sustainable urban living?
- water and energy conservation
- waste recycling
- creating green space
What 3 things are being done in Freiburg for sustainable water conservation?
- collecting rainwater for indoor use
- pervious pavements that rain can soak through
- unpaved tramways
What 3 things are being done in Freiburg for sustainable energy conservation?
- efficient technology e.g Solar Valley
- energy from renewable sources
- energy saving
What 3 things are being done in Freiburg for sustainable waste recycling?
- 350 community collections points for recycling
- uses biogas from waste to provide sustainable energy
- more than 88% of mucking waste recycled
What three things are being done in Freiburg to create green space ?
- 40% of city is forested
- only native trees are planted
- 56% of forests are nature conservation areas
Why is traffic congestion a problem?
Environmental - pollution
Economic - late for work, late deliveries
Social - accidents, frustration
Outline the two ways to reduce traffic congestion?
Public transport
Managing traffic flow
How can using public transport reduce traffic congestion?
Less cars on the road - more on bus, train, bike
London Underground - 3million passengers daily
Many cities have park and ride
How can traffic flow be managed?
Bus priority lanes to stop them being in traffic and make more appealing
Congestion charging
Car sharing
Flexible work hours - reduce normally 9-5 traffic
