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AQA Geography GCSE > The Changing Economic World > Flashcards

The Changing Economic World Flashcards

1
Q

GNI meaning?

A

Gross national income - total value of goods and services produced by a country including income from overseas

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2
Q

What is development?

A

Development is the progress in economic growth, use of technology and improving welfare that a country has made.

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3
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross domestic product is the total value of goods and services a country orifices in a year

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4
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Number of babies born per thousand of the population per year

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5
Q

What is Death rate?

A

The number of deaths per thousand of the population each year

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6
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of babies who die under 1 per thousand born

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7
Q

What is HDI?

A

human development index is a number that calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate, education level and income per head. Every country has a HDI between 0 and 1

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8
Q

What are the limitations of using an denomination measure of development?

A

It can hide variation between regions
It’s an average - could be couple really rich people to a couple thousand really poor and that could be considered a HIC

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9
Q

What is the demographic transition model?

A

Shows how changing birth rates and death rates effect population growth.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 1 on the DTM?

A

High birth rate - no contraception, poor medicine - many infants die
High death rate - poor medicine and healthcare, famine, low life expectancy

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 2 on the DTM?

A

Economy based on agriculture - children need to work
Birth rates are high
Death rates are low due to improved healthcare and diet

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 3 on the DTM?

A

Most NEEs are stage 3
Birth rate falls as women have a more equal part in society and use of contraception increase - less children need to work
Healthcare improves and life expectancy increases further

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 4 and 5 on the DTM?

A

Low birth rates - people want possessions, careers, high QoL, les money for children
Healthcare is good - low death rates and high life expectancy

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14
Q

Outline the three categories of causes for uneven development.

A

Physical
Economical
Historical

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15
Q

Explain briefly how different physical aspects effect a countries development.

A

Poor climate - not much will grow, fewer things to sell and low income
Poor farming land - steep land or poor soil - won’t produce food
Few raw materials - fewer things to sell, less money to develop
Natural hazards - spend lots of money rebuilding

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16
Q

Explain briefly how different historical aspects effect a countries development.

A

Colonisation - colonised countries have lower development when they become independent than if they had never been colonised
Conflict - war and civil wars can slow or reduce development

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17
Q

Explain briefly how different economic aspects effect a countries development.

A

Poor trade links - less countries to trade with - less money
Debt - poor countries borrow money, income has to be used to pay it

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18
Q

Outline and explain the three main consequences of uneven development

A

Wealth - purple in more developed countries have higher income
Healthcare - people in HICs live lots longer
International migration - many people move to neighbouring developed for work and income

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19
Q

What is an example of migration as a consequence of uneven development?

A

Lots of international migration from poorer areas of Eastern Europe to the UK. Since 2004 nearly 2million Economic migrants have moved to the uk in search of work
Most migrants pay tax and work hard but the lack of jobs can cause unemployment for uk citizens

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20
Q

Outline the strategies used to reduce the development gap?

A

Investment
Industrial development
Tourism
Aid
Intermediate technology
Fair trade
Debt relief

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21
Q

How can investment reduce the development gap?

A

Improvements of harbours and ports
New industry developments
Allows employment and income and as economy grows the countries education increases and poverty decreases

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22
Q

How can industrial development reduce the development gap?

A

Brings employment and income
New opportunities to invest in housing, education and infrastructure
Which causes better education and healthcare
Which cause new opportunities for investment in shops and supply industries

This is the multiplier effect

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23
Q

How can tourism reduce the development gap?

A

Countries with a amazing landscape have become tourist destinations.
This has led to job opportunities and investment from abroad

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24
Q

What is the name of an example where tourism has helped close the development gap?

A

Jamaica

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25
How has tourism decreased the development gap in Jamaica?
Economy - tourism contributes largely to GDP, income and taxes to the government allows for better development Employment - tourism provides new jobs and a stable income and provides over 200,000 jobs Infrastructure - lead to high levels of investment in hotels and infrastructure to attract more tourists but also increasing qol for locals
26
How has aid decreased the development gap?
Aid is when a country or NGO donates resources to help another country. Only long term , freely given aid can help the development gap. Enabled countries to invest in better infrastructure and development projects that increase QoL
27
What is intermediate technology?
Sustainable technology that is appropriate to the needs, skills and knowledge of locals
28
How can has intermediate technology reduced the development gap?
Intermediate technology takes the form of small scale projects often associated with health, water and agriculture
29
How can fair trade reduce the development gap?
Provides more money to ordinary farmers which reduces pay and QoL gap
30
How can debt relief reduce the development gap?
Help poor countries invest money by cancelling debts to invest their money into development.
31
What is the case study of a NEE going through economic development?
Nigeria
32
Where is Nigeria?
Nigeria is a country in west Africa
33
What is Nigerias importance globally?
2.7% of worlds oil 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping Diverse economy including telecommunications, media and finance
34
What is Nigeria’s importance to Africa?
Has one of the fastest growing economies in Africa Largest population and highest gdp Could lead the way in africas development Barack Obama - ‘critical to the rest of the continent’
35
What is some political context surrounding Nigeria?
Africa gained independence in 1960s Series of dictatorships and a civil war Lack of political stability effected development Stable government since 1999
36
What is some social context surrounding Nigeria?
Multiethnic, mulitfaith 4x bigger than the uk 3x bigger population than uk Life expectancy - 52 70% in poverty
37
What is some cultural context surrounding Nigeria?
Nigerian music is enjoyed across the continent Third largest cinema industry - Nollywood Well known literacy writers
38
What is some environmental context surroundings Nigeria?
Northern Nigeria is semi desert. Savannah is used for cotton and groundnuts Southern Nigeria has high temperatures and high rainfall. Large forests and cocoa, palm oil and rubber is grown
39
What are nigerias sources of income?
Oil and agriculture
40
Does Nigeria have a balanced economy and why?
Employment in agriculture has fallen Increased employment in oil production, manufacturing and construction The growth of communications, retail and finance
41
How is nigerias manufacturing industry growing?
Processed foods Textiles Leather items Soaps and detergents Now make up 10% of economy
42
How is manufacturing in Nigeria affecting economic development?
- regular paid workers gives mores secure income - industries stimulate growth through close links with each other - attracts more foreign investment - industries created chemical byproducts that cause growth in chemical industries
43
What is a TNC?
A trans national corporation is a large company that operates in several countries They locate in foreign countries to take advantage of tax, cheap labour, wider market and laxer environmental laws
44
What are the advantage of TNCs on the host country?
Provide employment and development of new skill More money spent on economy Investment by companies in local infrastructure Pay taxes on exports to the government
45
What are the disadvantages of TNCs on the host country?
Local paid workers can be poorly paid Working conditions can be poor Management jobs often go to foreign employees Most of the profit goes abroad Grants that attract TNCs could have been used on economic development
46
What is an example of a TNC in Nigeria?
Shell oil in the Niger Delta
47
What benefits did shell bring to Nigeria?
Making major contributions in taxes and export revenue Direct employment to 65000 and 250000 in related industries Giving 91% of contracts to Nigerian industries
48
What were some negative impacts of shell in Nigeria?
Oil spills caused water pollution Frequent oil flares send toxic fumes into the air Oil theft and sabotage became bug problems
49
How have Nigerias trading relationships changed?
Major global trading nation Majority of trade goes to the EU - mainly exports Trading is slowly become wider with more connections in Asia
50
How are Nigerias political relationships changing?
Until 1960 it was part of the British empire Member of commonwealth of nations African Union - economic planning and peacekeeping UN - 5th largest contributes of troops OPEC - aims to stabilise the price of oil
51
What are the two types of aid?
Emergency aid and developmental aid
52
What is emergency aid?
Aid that usually follows a natural disaster, war or conflict. May take the form of water, food, shelter or medical supplies
53
What is developmental aid?
Long term support given by charities, governments of ngos. It aims to improve the QoL by providing education, safe water and infrastructure
54
Why does Nigeria receive international aid?
In 2013 Nigeria received around 5 billion usd of aid Majority of aid went to benefit healthcare and social infastructure and services Nigeria has over 100million People living in poverty on less than 1usd per day Nigerias has exceptionally low life experncatncy and high infant morality rate
55
How can aid benefit the receiving country - Nigeria ?
World bank approved 500million usd to fund development projects and long term business loans to stop dependence on oil exports Aid from USA helps to educate and protects from spread of aids Uk department for international development has funded a health programme providing health education in rural areas
56
What prevents aid from being used efficiently?
Corruption in governments Government diverts money to be used for other purposes Donors may have political influence on the use of aid Money may be used to promote commercial self interest of donor
57
How does economic growth in indutry effect the environment?
Industrial growth causes harmful pollutants that go directly into water channels and damage the ecosystem Industries disposal of chemicals waste threatens groundwater quality Industrial chimneys emitt poisonous gas
58
How does economic growth in urbanisation effect environment?
Economic growth causes urbanisation and a increase in squatter settlements Urban expansion leads to deforestation to build houses, service and roads Traffic congestion causes pollution
59
How does the economic growth of farming and oil causes environmental issues?
Farming leads to land degradation and water pollution Deforestation for more farmland and food demand Mining leads to soil erosion and pollution of water Mining causes deforestation for mines and roads.
60
What are the effects of economic development on quality of life?
Reliable, better paid jobs in industry Better access to water and sanitation Higher disposable income to spend on schools and medical care Reliable electricity supplies providing heating, lighting and water sanit Better quality healthcare with more doctors and better equipment
61
What will effect the improvement of quality of life in Nigerias future?
Political - need for continuing stable governments Environmental - pollution devastated lives of people. Pests restrict commercial farming Social - religious divides and tension coudl causes conflicts and lead to war or lower QoL
62
Outline the causes of economic change in the UK?
Deindustrialisation Globalisation Government policies
63
How has deindustrialisation changed the uk economy?
Decline in manufacturing industry and growth in tertiary and quaternary employment Machines have replaced many people in modern industries Lack of investment and machinery meant uk products were too expensive
64
How has globalisation changed the uk economy?
Globalisation is responsible for the explosion of the quaternary sector with many people now working on global brands and products
65
What is globalisation?
The growth and spread of ideas around the world. Such as the movement or spread of culture, people, money and goods
66
How have government policies caused economic change in the UK?
State run industries were cold to many new private companies who brought innovation and change Improvements to transport infrastructure More investment in manufacturing Easier access to loans and finance
67
What is a post industrial economy?
Is the decline of manufacturing industry and replaced by the growth of the service sector.
68
Outline the factors contributing to a post industrial economy?
Service industries and finance Development of information technology Research Science and business parks
69
Explain how the development of information technology contributes a post industrial economy?
Computers allow large amount of data to be stored Internet enables worldwide communications Technology developing rapidly Uk one of the world leading digital economies
70
Explain how research contributes a post industrial economy?
Contributes over 3 billion to uk economy Research is done by universities, private companies and government sectors, Cambridge, bbc, MoD
71
Explain how services and financial industry contributes a post industrial economy?
Service sector has grown rapidly and is now uk biggest economic output Finance is impart part of service sector. Includes banking, insurance and securities. The uk is the world leading centre for financial services
72
What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment?
Manufacturing plants can look very dull and uninteresting Industrial processes can cause air and water pollution Waste products are often places in landfill Transport of raw materials is usually by road can leads to congestion and pollution.
73
Explain how science parks contribute a post industrial economy?
Science park like Southampton science park has strong links with the university of Southampton Has excellent uni links providing academic talent Source of graduate employees and excellent transport links Has a lot of industries that develop tech and software
74
Explain how business parks contribute to a post industrial economy?
Cobalt business park in Newcastle is the uks largest Several support facilities Home to many large industries Location in northeast qualifies for government assistance
75
What is a science park?
A group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site
76
What is a business park?
Business park is an area of land occupied by a cluster of business’s
77
What is the name of an example on how modern industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable?
Torr Quarry, Somerset
78
How can industrial development be more sustainable?
Technology can be used to reduce harmful emissions Stricter environmental targets placed on industry Heavy fines imposed when an industrial pollution incident occurs
79
What can quarrying do to the uk landscape?
Destroy natural habitats Scar the landscape Pollute nearby water courses and groundwater supplies
80
How is the Torr Quarry becoming more environmentally sustainable?
Being restores with wildlife lakes and water supply Limestone features will be created to make landscape look natural Regular monitoring of noise and emissions Rail transport minimises impact on local roads and villages
81
What are some general facts about the torr quarry in Somerset?
15million to local economy per year 2.5km2 site Around 5 million tonnes of limestone yearly
82
What is an example of an area of population growth and some facts about it?
Southern Cambridgeshire Estimated to reach 182000 by 2031 People are moving out of Cambridge for a slower paced life in country Proportion of people 65 and over in souther Cambridgeshire is growing
83
What are the social changes caused by population growth in southern Cambridge?
Commuters continue to use services where they work so don’t contribute to local economy 80% car ownership is leading to traffic on narrow country roads Young people can’t afford high housing costs and move away Development on small villages breakdown the community spirit
84
What are the economic changes caused by population growth in southern Cambridge?
Reduction in agricultural employment as farmers sell their land for housing Lack of affordable housing Highest petroleum prices due to high demand
85
What is an example of an area of population decline and some facts about it?
The outer Hebrides Population of around 25000 Decrease due to outward migration and limited opportunities
86
What are the social changes caused by population decline in the outer Hebrides ?
Number of school children excepted to fall and may result in closures Younger people moving for jobs leading to less people of working age Increasingly aging population with few young people to support them
87
What are the economic changes caused by population decline in the outer Hebrides ?
Increase in tourism but no infrastructure to cope and support the scale The main farming economy is breeding sheep but they can only provide work for two days a week Fishing as decreased due to environmental concerns
88
What is the north south divide?
The cultural and economical differences between the south and north of England In general the south enjoys higher standards of living, higher incomes, higher house prices and more congestion
89
Why is there a north south divide?
Industrial Revolution caused growth in north, this meant a decline in employment during the growth of post industrial economy London and South developed rapidly due to fast growing service sector and London is a global finance centre
90
How can regional strategies address the issue?
Financial support for new businesses, improvements and infrastructure Foreign investment in the north Developing economies in major northern cities Creating transport links to help commuting to the south
91
Explain the improvements and new developments in road infrastructure?
100 new road schemes 1300 new lane miles added to motorways and trunk roads to tackle congestion Extra lanes added onto main motorways
92
What is the south west superhighway?
A303 improvements to help keep traffic flowing creating jobs.
93
Explain the improvements and new developments in railway infrastructure?
Electrification of TransPennine Express Railway between Manchester and York - reducing journey times HS2 - 50 billion plan for new high speed train connecting London with northern cities
94
Explain the improvements and new developments in port infrastructure?
Around 32million passengers per year and 120k employees Belfast - 500million invested in facilities to service offshore renewable energy Bristol - 195milliom invested for bulk handling and storage facilities New terminal at port of Liverpool to double capacity - 300million
95
Explain the improvements and new developments in airport infrastructure?
aviation sector is around 4 percent of uks gdp 2million tonnes of freight yearly Heathrow’s third runway - 20billion Increasing length of existing runway - 12 billion
96
What are uks links with the wider world?
As globalisation increases it’s becoming more dependent on inter culture The uk has global links through trade, culture, transport and electro communications.
97
Explain the place of uks trade in the wider world?
Most links are with the USA, Ireland and countries within the EU
98
Explain the place of uks culture in the wider world?
Television is one of the uks most successful media exports with main markets being English speaking countries English language is used worldwide and you can find English books, musics and film anywhere you travel Migrants have brought their own culture to the uk Food - Indian, Chinese and Thai Fashion - Italy and France
99
Explain the place of uks transport in the wider world?
Heathrow is one of the busiest airports worldwide and is a crucial airport hub Channel tunnel allows travel between uk and Europe Southampton is a major port for cruise liners
100
Explain the place of uks electro communications in the wider world?
Vital part of the global economy and the uk is a focus for the multibillion dollar network of high power cables
101
Explain the place of the Uks economic and political links with the commonwealth
Member of commonwealth Voluntary group of 53 countries and 2.2 billion Provides advice on issues from political standpoint Important trading links between commonwealth countries
102
Explain the place of the Uks economic and political links with the eu
Left in 2020 - brexit Eu was uks biggest trading partner Uk still trades with the eu but it’s trading with more countries now such as Singapore USA, Australia and new Zealand

AQA Geography GCSE (7 decks)

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