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Biology 2 > The Uptake Of Energy And Nutrients > Flashcards

The Uptake Of Energy And Nutrients Flashcards

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0
Q

Ingestion.

A

Removal of undigested food thorough anus.

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1
Q

In simple organisms living on one type of food what is the gut…?

A

Unidfferentiated

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2
Q

Digestion.

A

Hydrolysis if large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble food molecules through enzymes.

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3
Q

Absorbtion.

A

Movement of molecules produced by digestion through alimentary canal wall into blood and lymph.

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4
Q

Ingestion.

A

Taking food in by mouth.

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5
Q

Mechanical digestion.

A

Cutting and crushing food with teeth or peristalsis providing a larger surface area.

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6
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

Buccal cavity, tongue, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach , duodenum, ileum, colon, rectum, anus.

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7
Q

What are the four different layers of guy wall?

A

Tissue layers are (lumen); Sherpas, longitudinal muscle layer, circular muscle layer, submucosa.

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8
Q

Serosa

A

A layer of tough connective tissue, protects.

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9
Q

Inner mucosa,

A

Lubricate food.

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10
Q

Sub mucosa.

A

Absorbtion.

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11
Q

Muscle layers.

A

Responsible for peristalsis.

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12
Q

Mouth: secretion, production site, ph, enzymes, substrate, product.

A

Saliva, salivary gland, 6.5-7.5, amylase, starch, maltose

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13
Q

Stomach: secretion, production site, ph, enzymes, substrate, product.

A

Gastric juice, zymogen cells in gastric pits, 2, pepsinogen and rennin, proteins, polypeptides.

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14
Q

Duodenum: secretion, production site, ph, enzymes, substrate, product.

A

Pancreatic juice, pancreas, 7, amylase; trypsin; lipase, starch;protein:polypeptides, amino acids maltose fatty acids and glycerol.

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15
Q

Ileum: secretion, production site, ph, enzymes, substrate, product.

A

Intestinal juice, ileum mucosa, 8.5,, boring.

16
Q

Endopeptidases and exopeptidases.

A

Hydrolyse peptide bonds, within protein molecule. ENDOPEPTIDASES.
Hydrolyse peptide bonds at end protein molecule. EXOPEPTIDASES

17
Q

Fats are digested how?

A

First emulsified by bile salts into smaller globules before being broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase.

18
Q

Mucus purpose.

A

Protects gut wall and lubricates food passing through gut.

19
Q

Glucose and amino acid absorbtion.

A

Diffusion and active transport into capillaries, and then travel via hepatic portal vein to liver.

20
Q

Fatty acids and glycerols

A

absorbed by lacteals move through lymph and reconnect to blood at thoracic duct.

21
Q

Amino acids absorbed for protein synthesis and…

A

Excess cannot be stored so amino group is removed and converted to urea and the dean instead group is converted to carbs and stored.

22
Q

Lipids are used for what? Excess?

A

Membranes, hormones, excess stores as fat.

23
Q

Glucose absorbtion.

A

Absorbed onto epithelial cells by fd>through specific contransporter protein along with sodium ion> sodium Ions actively pumped out into blood> lowers conc of sodium ion in cells> so more sodium Iona and glucose enters cell increasing concentration> glucose diffuses out of blood down conc gradient.

24
Q

How are amino acids absorbed?

A

Same way as glucose with different contransporter protein.

25
Q

Fatty acid and glycerol absorbtion.

A

Lipid soluble so absorb I to epithelial cells though bilayer> diffuse into lacteal> lacteal joins to form blood at thoracic duct>

26
Q

Bile also contains?

A

Sodium hydrogen carbonate which neutralises stomach acid to produce ph7

27
Q

Crypts of lieberkuhn.

A

Secrete intestinal juice which protect mucosa of duodenum and from effects of Stomach acid.

28
Q

1st and second sphincter.

A

Cardiac and pyloric.

29
Q

Hcl does what?

A

Kill bacteria
Activate pepsinogen
Provide optimum ph of 2

30
Q

Mucus functions?

A

Protects wall of stomach preventing autolysis.

31
Q

Pepsin.

A

Secreted in inactive form pepsinogen.

ENDOPEPTIDASE hydrolysing polypeptides.

32
Q

Burners glands.

A

Secrete alkaline fluid and mucus. Neutralise acid stomach contents.

33
Q

Rennin.

A

Activated by acid.
Coagulates soluble caseinogen into insoluble casein.
Milk curdles and stays in stomach for longer for more digestion.

34
Q

Draw diagram of gastric pit

A

Goblet cell secreting mucus.
Zymogen cell secreting pepsinogen and rennin.
Oxytocin cell secreting Hcl.

35
Q

Cancer cause.

A

Progressive in controlled cell division

Biology 2 (8 decks)

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