Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2 > Multicellular Animals > Flashcards

Multicellular Animals Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Blood is a what consisting of several types of cells suspended in what?

A

Fluid connective tissue suppended in a liquid matrix called plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Multicellular organisms have a what

A

Transport system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

Hormones, urea, dissolved mineral salts, plasma proteins, antibodies, oganic molecules, vitamins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Granulocytes

A 
Neutrophils
Granular cytoplasm
Lobed nucleus
12-15 um diameter
Engulf bacteria by phagocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Round large nucleus fills cell
8-10 um
Involved in immune response and secretion of antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments of cells
Involved in blood clotting
Form a mesh network
No nucleus simply a sac of chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Red blood cell

Disc what?

A

Erythrocytes

Biconcave disc creates large surface are to volume ratio and rapid rate of oxygen diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Red blood cell function
Size
Importance of size
Flaccid or rigid

A 
Oxygen transport and distribution 
Aiding co2 transport
7um diameter is same width of capillary making small diffusion distance and creates friction between rbc and capillary wall, slowing rbc down and increasing time to deliver 02
Contain haemoglobin.
Rigid so cannot leave capillary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Red blood cell importance of lack of nucleus

Lack of organelles

A

Hold max number of haemoglobin
Carry max volume of oxygen
No cell division meaning must be made in bone marrow
-respire anaerobically not using up oxygen
Hold max number of haemoglobin
Not grow or repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Quaternary level protein pigment molecule
Iron containing harm group
Attached to a protein -globular
Oxyhemoglobin can be made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Blood transport what in plasma

O

A 
Digested food products
Hormones
Proteins - albumin an fibrinogen
Antibodies 
Ions

Blood also distributed heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anaemia

Causes

A

Cause:
Iron deficiency in diet
Chronic kidney disease
Death or loss of rbc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anaemia

Symptoms

A 
Easy fatigue
lethargy
Headache
Pale complexion
Dizzy spells and fainting because oxygen supply can't reach brain.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anaemia

Treatment

A

Iron supplements
Iron rich food- watercress, red meat
Blood transfusion
Antibiotics if malaria-like disease is destroying red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mammals have a what compromising what? And a what?

A

Mammals have circulatory system
Compromising of a closed, double circulation.
And a heart with two atria and two ventricles.

17
Q

Every person belongs to one of four blood groups. What is it about a?

A

A in relation to other antigens is dominant but a and b have a codon inane relationship.

18
Q

Blood groups

A

A has a antigens and release anti b antibodies
B has b antigens and release anti a antibodies
AB has a and b antigens and release not antibodies.
O has no antigens and releases antibodies a and b.

19
Q

Transfusion of wrong blood group carries what risk?

A

Red blood cells will agglutinate, held together by antibodies.

20
Q

Exceptions to transfusions of wrong blood type?

A

Universal donor - o - non antigenic blood can be given to anyone.
Universal recipient - AB -can receive any blood.

21
Q

Red blood cells and the rhesus antigen.

A

Rh+ have got it
Rh- don’t
Rhnegative mother carrying rhpos child she may receive rhpos fragments of blood cells across placenta. Mother will have an immune response against and will
make antirh antibodies which can cross placenta. If second baby is rhpos then the antibodies can cause agglutination of fetal red blood cells and death.

22
Q

Rh mother\child solution.

A

After birth of rhpos child, all rhneg women are given an injection of antirh antibodies. This prevent her launching a rapid immune respond because there are no rhpos antibodies in blood causing no harm to fetus

23
Q

The major blood vessels of hertford include

A

Aorta, vena cava, pulmonary vein and artery and coronary arteries.

24
Q

Why is heart specialised

A

Cardiac muscle, own blood supply, variation in width of walls and valves.

25
Q

Collagen fibres.

A

Tough and protective layer.

Prevents over stretching of vessel.

26
Q

Elastic fibre.

A

Stretch and recoil
Contract to narrow arterioles.
Controls blood flow to organs.

27
Q

Draw a vessel. With labels.

A

Outer layer - collagen
Next layer - elastic fibres and smooth muscle.
Spiky layer - inner endothelium
Lumen is slack do allow stretching,

28
Q

Veins

A

Thinner muscle layer than arteries and arterioles as reduced pressure.
Semi lunar valves prevent backflow of blood.
Function is to carry blood back to heart
Much larger lumen

29
Q

Arterioles

A

Small artery found in organs, smooth muscle contracts to control blood flow.

30
Q

Artery

A

Thick walls to resist high pressure which rhythmically changes.
Function is to carry blood away from heart.

31
Q

Capillaries

A

Small diameter and friction with walls to slow blood flow.
Although small diameter, capillary bed holds many capillaries providing a large total cross sectional area further reducing blood flow.
Low velocity in thin walled vessel enhance ability to exchange materials with surrounding tissue fluid.
Wall one cell thick - only endothelium - found in organs and tissues - water and small molecules can leave.

32
Q

Red and white blood cells in capillary

A

Rbc are rigid so can’t leave blood, WBC are flexible so can leave blood:

33
Q

When blood leave the heart where are the highest pressures found and why?

A

In arteries and aorta which shows a rhythmic rise and fall corresponding to ventricular contraction.

34
Q

What relates directly to blood pressure.

A

Blood flow.

35
Q

In capillary beds why does the pressure drop further?

A

Due to leakage of tissue fluid into tissues.

36
Q

Rerun flow to heart is what? But can be increased by what.

A

Non rhythmic, increased by muscle massaging effect.

37
Q

Arteries stretch from high pressure induce by ventricular contraction. What does the ‘pulse’ do?

A

The pulse of high pressure causes elastic wall to stretch and then recoil and can be felt on wrist or neck normally as a frequency of 65-70per second.

38
Q

Endothelium.

A

Smooth lining of vessel.

Little friction so blood cells undamaged

Biology 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions