Multicellular Animals Flashcards
Blood is a what consisting of several types of cells suspended in what?
Fluid connective tissue suppended in a liquid matrix called plasma
Multicellular organisms have a what
Transport system
What does plasma contain?
Hormones, urea, dissolved mineral salts, plasma proteins, antibodies, oganic molecules, vitamins.
White blood cells
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils Granular cytoplasm Lobed nucleus 12-15 um diameter Engulf bacteria by phagocytosis
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Round large nucleus fills cell
8-10 um
Involved in immune response and secretion of antibodies.
Platelets
Fragments of cells
Involved in blood clotting
Form a mesh network
No nucleus simply a sac of chemicals
Red blood cell
Disc what?
Erythrocytes
Biconcave disc creates large surface are to volume ratio and rapid rate of oxygen diffusion
Red blood cell function
Size
Importance of size
Flaccid or rigid
Oxygen transport and distribution Aiding co2 transport 7um diameter is same width of capillary making small diffusion distance and creates friction between rbc and capillary wall, slowing rbc down and increasing time to deliver 02 Contain haemoglobin. Rigid so cannot leave capillary
Red blood cell importance of lack of nucleus
Lack of organelles
Hold max number of haemoglobin
Carry max volume of oxygen
No cell division meaning must be made in bone marrow
-respire anaerobically not using up oxygen
Hold max number of haemoglobin
Not grow or repair
Haemoglobin
Quaternary level protein pigment molecule
Iron containing harm group
Attached to a protein -globular
Oxyhemoglobin can be made.
Blood transport what in plasma
O
Digested food products Hormones Proteins - albumin an fibrinogen Antibodies Ions
Blood also distributed heat.
Anaemia
Causes
Cause:
Iron deficiency in diet
Chronic kidney disease
Death or loss of rbc
Anaemia
Symptoms
Easy fatigue lethargy Headache Pale complexion Dizzy spells and fainting because oxygen supply can't reach brain.
Anaemia
Treatment
Iron supplements
Iron rich food- watercress, red meat
Blood transfusion
Antibiotics if malaria-like disease is destroying red blood cells
Mammals have a what compromising what? And a what?
Mammals have circulatory system
Compromising of a closed, double circulation.
And a heart with two atria and two ventricles.
Every person belongs to one of four blood groups. What is it about a?
A in relation to other antigens is dominant but a and b have a codon inane relationship.
Blood groups
A has a antigens and release anti b antibodies
B has b antigens and release anti a antibodies
AB has a and b antigens and release not antibodies.
O has no antigens and releases antibodies a and b.
Transfusion of wrong blood group carries what risk?
Red blood cells will agglutinate, held together by antibodies.
Exceptions to transfusions of wrong blood type?
Universal donor - o - non antigenic blood can be given to anyone.
Universal recipient - AB -can receive any blood.
Red blood cells and the rhesus antigen.
Rh+ have got it
Rh- don’t
Rhnegative mother carrying rhpos child she may receive rhpos fragments of blood cells across placenta. Mother will have an immune response against and will
make antirh antibodies which can cross placenta. If second baby is rhpos then the antibodies can cause agglutination of fetal red blood cells and death.
Rh mother\child solution.
After birth of rhpos child, all rhneg women are given an injection of antirh antibodies. This prevent her launching a rapid immune respond because there are no rhpos antibodies in blood causing no harm to fetus
The major blood vessels of hertford include
Aorta, vena cava, pulmonary vein and artery and coronary arteries.
Why is heart specialised
Cardiac muscle, own blood supply, variation in width of walls and valves.
