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Human Anatomy -- Back and Upper Limb > The Upper Limb > Flashcards

The Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What major vein is on the lateral side of the arm?

A

Cephalic

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2
Q

What major vein is on the medial side of the arm?

A

Basiliic (becomes axillary vein in axilla region)

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3
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Inflammation of flexor retinaculum from overuse

Compression of median nerve

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4
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve runs on what side of the upper limb?

A

Musculocutaneous: LATERAL

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5
Q

is the short or long head of the biceps brachii on the medial side?

A

Short head of biceps is on medial side.

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6
Q

is the short or long head of the biceps brachii on the lateral side?

A

Long head of biceps is on lateral side

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7
Q

What extensor muscles of the forearm (post compartment)

extend and abduct or adduct the hand at the wrist joint?

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris

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8
Q

What extensor muscles of the forearm (post compartment) extend the medial 4 fingers?

A

Extensor digitorum
Extensor indicis
Extensor digiti minimi

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9
Q

What extensor muscles of the forearm (post compartment) extend or abduct the thumb?

A

Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus

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10
Q

What holds the extensor tendons in place and prevents bowstringing of the tendons?

A

Extensor retinaculum

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11
Q

The brachial plexus is derived from what 2 types of nerves?

A

Cervical and

Thoracic spinal nerves

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12
Q

What are the 4 parts of the upper limb?

A
  1. Pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle): attachment for limb
  2. Arm (humerus)
  3. Forearm (radius, ulna)
  4. Hand (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
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13
Q

Sternal facet of clavicle

A

Attaches to manubrium of sternum

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14
Q

Acromial facet of clavicle

A

Attaches to acromion of scapula

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15
Q

What is the shape of the costal surface of the scapula?

Posterior surface shape?

A

Costal: Concave
Posterior: Convex

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16
Q

Suprascapular notch

A

notch for blood vessels and nerves to get to scapula

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17
Q

What passes through the intertubercular sulcus?

Where is the intertubercular sulcus located?

A

Tendon of long head of biceps passes through groove

The groove is on the proximal end of the humerus

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18
Q

Where does the tendon of the long head of the biceps insert?

A

Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

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19
Q

Deltoid tuberosity located on what bone?

A

Humerus

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20
Q

Greater and lesser tubercles located on what bone?

What do they separate?

A

Located on humerus

Separate the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)

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21
Q

Trochlea articulates with…

Capitulum articulates with…

A

Trochlea –> ulna

Capitulum –> radius

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22
Q

Lateral epicondyle is attachment for…

Medial epicondyle is attachment for…

A

Lateral: extensors (posterior compartment)
Medial: flexors (anterior compartment)

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23
Q

What inserts into the coronoid fossa?

What inserts into the radial fossa?

A

Coronoid: ulna
Radial: radius

THESE ARE ANTERIOR FOSSA
POSTERIOR FOSSA IS Olecranon

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24
Q

What condyle is visible from anterior?

Posterior?

A

Anterior: trochlea and capitulum
Posterior: trochlea

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25
Q

What nerve passes over the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

A

Ulnar nerve

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26
Q

What muscle passes over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?

A

Anconeus

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27
Q

Which bone of the forearm has a larger role in the elbow joint?

A

ulna

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28
Q

Head and neck of radius fit into what part of the ulna?

A

Radial notch

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29
Q

Radial tuberosity is on what bone?

What muscle attaches to the radial tuberosity?

A

Radius

Biceps muscle

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30
Q

Styloid processes on radius and ulna form what kind of joint?
What kind of mvmt does this joint have?

A

Hinge joint at wrist

Allows for mvmt in 2 directions

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31
Q

End of the radius has depressions for what 2 carpal bones?

A

Scaphoid

Lunate

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32
Q

What forearm bone does not directly articulate with any of the wrist bones?

A

Ulna

There is an articular disk that separates them

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33
Q

Olecranon located on what bone?

A

Ulna

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34
Q

When ulna is extended, fits into what fossa?

When flexed?

A

Extended: olecranon fossa
Flexed: coronoid fossa

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35
Q

Supinate

Pronate

A

Supinate: turn so palm is up
Pronate: turn so palm is down

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36
Q

What kind of muscle is biceps brachii?

How does it work?

A

Supinator

Pulls on radius and crosses radius over ulna

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37
Q

Pectoral fascia surrounds…

A

Pec major

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38
Q

Clavipectoral fascia connects…

A

Pec minor with clavicle and subclavian muscle

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39
Q

Axillary fascia located…

A

At the base of the armpit

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40
Q

Costocoracoid membrane

A

part of the clavipectoral fascia that separates the pec minor and subclavius
costacoracoid membrane is pierced by lateral pectoral nerve

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41
Q

Where is the antebrachial fascia located?

A

Forearm

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42
Q

What fascia separates the arm into ant and post compartments?

A

Brachial fascia

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43
Q

Dermatome

A

Sections of skin that are territories for sensory cutaneous nerves which are derived from a particular vertebral level

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44
Q

Supraclavicular nerves

A

(C3, C4) –> above brachial plexus

From outside the upper limb

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45
Q

Cephalic vein on what side?

Basilic vein?

A

Cephalic: thumb side (radial)
Basilic: pinky side (ulnar)

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46
Q

What is the name of the vein where the cephalic and basilic vein meet?

A

Median cubital vein

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47
Q

What is the name of the area of the arm where the cephalic and basilic veins meet?

A

Cubital fossa

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48
Q

What vein do both the cephalic and basilic vein dump into?

A

Axillary vein

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49
Q

Which vein in the arm runs deeper earlier into the fascia?

A 
Basilic vein
(Cephalic vein closer to surface longer)
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50
Q

What is the role of perforating veins?

A

Form communications between superficial and deep veins

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51
Q

Which vein of the arm enters the clavipectoral triangle?

A

Cephalic vein

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52
Q

Where is the median antebrachial vein located in relation with other veins of the upper limb?

A

Starts at thumb and runs up the forearm between the cephalic and basilic veins

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53
Q

Cubital lymph nodes

A

Near cubital fossa, medial to basilic vein

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54
Q

What systems are highly variable?

A

Venous and lymphatic

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55
Q

Vessels from cubital lymph nodes end where?

Deep lymph vessesl that accompany the deep veins (radial, ulnar, and brachial) also enter here.

A

Humeral (lateral) axillary lymph nodes

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56
Q

Most superficial lymph vessels accompanying the cephalic vein enter what lymph nodes?
Some, however, previously enter what lymph node?

A

Most enter Apical axillary lymph nodes

Some enter the deltopectoral lymph nodes

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57
Q

What are the parts of the pec major?

A 
Clavicular head (top)
Sternocostal head (middle and largest part)
Abdominal part (bottom)
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58
Q

Damage of the serratus anterior results in…

A

Winging of the scapula

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59
Q

Anterior muscles of the shoulder include:

A

Pec major
Pec minor
Subclavius
Serratus anterior

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60
Q

Posterior muscles of the shoulder include:

A

Lats dorsi
Trapezius
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor

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61
Q

Lats and pecs allow for what movement of the humerus?

A

Adduction and

Medial rotation

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62
Q

What are the 3 heads of the deltoid?

What actions do they produce?

A

Clavicular (anterior) –> flexor
Middle –> abductor
Spinal (posterior) –> extensor (spinal b/c attached to spine of scapula)

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63
Q

What muscles make up the rotator cuff?

Which ones are located ant or post?

A 
Supraspinatus (post)
Infraspinatus (post)
Teres minor (post)
Subscapularis (ant)
(SITS)
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64
Q 
What muscles are located on:
Medial wall of axilla
Anterior wall of axilla
Posterior wall of axilla
Lateral wall of axilla
A

Medial: serratus anterior
Anterior: Pec major and minor
Posterior: lats, subscapularis, teres major
Lateral: tendon for long head of biceps

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65
Q

What important structures are bundled together in the axilla, surrounded by axillary fat?

A

Axillary artery and vein
Brachial plexus
Central axillary lymph nodes

66
Q

Arch of aorta originates from…

A

Left ventricle

67
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk
Located on which side?
Splits into…?

A

Right side
Splits into:
1. Common carotid
2. Subclavian artery

68
Q

Subclavian artery becomes the … artery when it passes behind the clavicle

A

Axillary artery

69
Q

What is the branch off of the first part of the axillary artery?

A

Superior thoracic artery

1 branch

70
Q

What is the branch off of the second part of the axillary artery?

A

Thoraco-acromial artery
Lateral thoracic artery
(2 branches)

71
Q

What is the branch off the third part of the axillary artery?

A

Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
Subscapular artery
(3 branches)

72
Q

Diff branches of axillary artery divided by location in their relation to what structure?

A

Pectoralis minor

73
Q

2 branches of the subscapular artery

A

Circumflex scapular artery

Thoracordorsal artery

74
Q

The axillary artery becomes what artery in the arm?

A

Brachial artery

75
Q

Circumflex scapular branches anastamose with what vessels?

A

Intercostal arteries

76
Q

The suprascapular and dorsal scapular arteries originate from what artery?

A

Subclavian artery

77
Q

Brachial plexus are what kind of rami?

A

Ventral primary rami of C5-T1

78
Q

Spinal nerves are a combo of …

They split into what kind of rami?

A

Motor and sensory nerves

Split into dorsal and ventral rami

79
Q

What are the sections of the brachial plexus?

A 
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Terminal branches
80
Q

What are the locations of the suprascapular nerve and artery in relation to the ligament that covers the suprascapular notch?

A

Nerve is under ligament

Artery is above ligament

81
Q

Ventral rami are bounded by what 2 muscles?

A

Anterior and middle scalene

82
Q

Funny bone

A

Compress ulnar nerve against medial epicondyle

83
Q

What muscle is the major supinator of the arm?

A

Biceps brachii

84
Q

What muscle is the major flexor of the arm?

A

Brachialis

85
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve innervates what muscles?

A

Anterior compartment of the arm

86
Q

What are the 3 muscles, 1 nerve, and 1 blood vessel of the ant compartment of the arm?

A 
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
Musculocutaneous nerve
Brachial artery
87
Q

What are the 2 muscles, 1 nerve, and 1 blood vessel of the post compartment of the arm?

A

Triceps brachii (lateral, medial, and long heads)
Anconeus
Radial nerve
Profunda brachii artery

88
Q

What structures make the borders of the quadrangular space?

A

Teres major
Teres minor
Triceps
Humerus

89
Q

What blood vessel runs through the quadrangular space?

A

Posterior circumflex humeral artery (which is a branch of the axillary artery)

90
Q

Collateral arteries

A

Run down and around elbow joint
Anastamose with recurrent arteries around elbow joint
LIST OF COLLATERAL ARTERIES:
1. Superior and inferior ulnar collateral artery
2. Radial collateral

91
Q

What structures make up the borders of the cubital fossa?

What structures run through the cubital fossa?

A

Pronator teres
Brachioradialis
Brachialis
Biceps

Median nerve
Brachial artery and brachial veins
Biceps tendon

92
Q

Where does the brachial artery divide into 2 branches?

What are these branches?

A

Divides in cubital fossa
Divides into:
Radial artery
Ulnar artery

93
Q

Anterior compartment of the forearm is innervated by…

A 
Median nerve (mostly)
Ulnar nerve (flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, ulnar half of FDP)
94
Q

The tendon of palmaris brevis extends down and becomes continuous with…

A

Palmar aponeurosis

95
Q

What are the middle muscles in the ant compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis: tendons run to middle phalanges
Flexor digitorum profundus: tendons run to ends of fingers
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

96
Q

Where do most of the muscles of the ant compartment of the forearm originate?

A

Medial epicondyle

97
Q

Superficial muscles of the post compartment of the forearm is innervated by…
Deep muscles…

A

Superficial: Radial
Deep: post interosseous nerve

98
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the post compartment of the forearm?

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor retinaculum (thick band of fascia that holds tendons in place)

99
Q

What makes the roof of the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor retinaculum

100
Q

What are the deep muscles of the post compartment of the forearm?

A

Supinator
Extensor indicis

Outcropping muscles

  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • Extensor pollicis longus
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
101
Q

The hand is innervated by what nerves?

A

Median
Ulnar
Radial

102
Q

Potential spaces in the hand

A

Thenar space

Midpalmar space

103
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the thenar eminence?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

104
Q

What muscle is the webbing between the index finger and the thumb?

A

Adductor pollicis

105
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the hypothenar eminence?

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor brevis digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
(Notice that the pinky does NOT have an aDductor)

106
Q

Lumbricals

A

(4)
Muscles ORIGINATE ON TENDONS and insert on lateral sides of 1st phalanges
Located between metacarpals

107
Q

Interossei

A

(4) dorsal –> DAB
(3) palmar –> PAD
Interossei are muscles that are between the metacarpals and ORIGINATE ON METACARPALS

108
Q

What structures are in the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor retinaculum
Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus (share common flexor sheath)
Tendon of flexor carpi radialis (tendonous sheath)
Tendon of flexor pollicis longus (tendonous sheath)
Median nerve

109
Q

How is carpal tunnel syndrome treated?

A

Cut flexor retinaculum

Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when inflamed tissue presses against the median nerve

110
Q

Extensor expansion originates from…

A

Extensor digitorum tendon

111
Q

The Median Nerve runs on what side of the upper limb?

112
Q

What are the SUPERFICIAL muscles of the ANT compartment of the FOREARM?

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

113
Q

What are the INTERMEDIATE muscles of the ANT compartment of the FOREARM?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

114
Q

What are the DEEP muscles of the ANT compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

115
Q

What are the SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES of the POST compartment of the FOREARM?

A 
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
116
Q

What are the DEEP MUSCLES of the POST compartment of the FOREARM?

A

Supinator

Extensor indicis

117
Q

What are the outcropping muscles of the post compartment of the forearm?

A

Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis

118
Q

Anatomical snuff box bounded by…

A

Tendon of extensor pollicis longus and tendons of extensor pollicis brevis

119
Q

What artery passes though the anatomical snuff box?

A

Radial artery

120
Q

What are the thenar muscles?

A
  1. Opponens pollicis
  2. Abductor pollicis brevis
  3. Flexor pollicis brevis

(Adductor pollicis)

121
Q

What are the hypothenar muscles?

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti
(Does not have an ADductor)

122
Q

What nerve innervates the 3 thenar muscles (opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis, and flexor pollicis)?

A

Median nerve

123
Q

What nerve innervates the adductor pollicis

A

Ulnar nerve

124
Q

What nerves innervate thenar muscles?

A

Median and Ulnar

125
Q

What nerve innervates the hypothenar muscles?

A

Ulnar nerve

126
Q

The 1st and 2nd lumbricals are innervated by…

A

Median nerve

127
Q

The 3rd and 4th lumbricals are innervated by…

A

Ulnar nerve

128
Q

Both dorsal and palmar interossei are innervated by…

A

Ulnar nerve

129
Q

Abductor pollicis longus is a … muscle, but
Abductor pollicis brevis is a … muscle

Flexor pollicis longus is a … muscle, but
Flexor pollicis brevis is a … muscle

A

Longus – forearm muscle

Brevis – hand muscle

130
Q

Adductor pollicis is the…

A

webbing b/w the hand and thumb

131
Q

How many dorsal interossei?

Palmar?

A

Dorsal: 4
Palmar: 3

132
Q

What hand muscles does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

All interossei
All hypothenar muscles
2 lumbricals

133
Q

What hand muscles does the median nerve innervate?

A

Thumb muscles

Other lumbricals

134
Q

What kind of innervation is the radial nerve responsible for in the hand?

135
Q

What nerves innervate MUSCLES of the hand?

What nerves do CUTANEOUS innervation in the hand?

A

Muscles: median or ulnar (primarily ulnar)
Cutaneous: median, ulnar, and radial

136
Q

What nerves innervate the palm?

A

Median and ulnar (a little bit of radial)

137
Q

What nerves innervate the dorsal side of the hand?

A

Median, ulnar, and radial

138
Q

What joint is very shallow?

A

Glenohumeral joint

139
Q

Long head of biceps passes through the shoulder joint capsule to attach to the…

A

supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

140
Q

The triceps attaches to … of scapula

A

the infraglenoid tubercule of scapula

141
Q

What are the 2 parts of the coracoclavicular ligament?

A

Trapezoid ligament

Conoid ligament

142
Q

Acromioclavicular ligament

A

Between clavicle and acromion of the scapula

Movable synovial joint

143
Q

Coracoacromial ligament

A

Between the corocoid process and acromion of scapula

144
Q

What are the functions of the rotator cuff?

A

Keep humerus in its socket (b/c glenoid cavity is so shallow)
Rotate arm

145
Q

When you lift your arm to raise your hand.

A

Half of the movement is due to elevation of scapula

146
Q

Ways the pectoral girdle can move (due to SC and AC joints)

A

Protract (move fwd)
Retract (move back)
Rotate

147
Q

What are the ligaments of the Shoulder area?

A

Glenohumeral ligaments
Coracoclavicular ligament
Acromioclavicular ligament
Coracoacromial ligament

148
Q

What are the joints of the shoulder area?

A

Glenohumeral joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint

149
Q

The trapezoid and conoid ligaments are the 2 parts of what ligament?

A

Coracoclavicular

150
Q

What are the ligaments of the elbow joint?

A

Ulnar collateral
Radial collateral
Anular

151
Q

Anular ligament

A

connects radius and humerus – circular ring around head of humerus
Holds head of radius in against radial notch of ulna

152
Q

Describe the relative position of the radius and ulna during…
Supination
Pronation

A

Supination: radius and ulna parallel to each other
Pronation: radius crosses over ulna

153
Q

What kind of joint is the elbow joint?

Glenohumeral joint?

A

Elbow: hinge – 1 direction
Glenohumeral: ball and socket

154
Q

What muscles are involved in pronation?

A

Pronator teres

Pronator quadratus

155
Q

Which bone of the forearm articulates with the carpals?

A

Radius articulates with carpals

There is an articular disc separating the ulna and wrist joint

156
Q

What joint of the hand allows for most movement?

A

Midcarpal joint

157
Q

Where is the midcarpal joint located?

A

Between the proximal and distal row of carpals

158
Q

What are possible movements of the radiocarpal (wrist) joint?

A

Flexion, extesion

Abduction, adduction (more restricted than flex/extend)

159
Q

Carpometacarpal joint

A

b/w carpals and metacarpals – do not allow for much movement

160
Q

Metacarpophalangeal joints

161
Q

What kinds of joints are the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints?

A

Hinge joints

162
Q

If break arm mid-humerus, what nerve would be damaged?

A

Radial – b/c runs right along the back of the humerus

Other nerves of the arm are buffered by muscles

Human Anatomy -- Back and Upper Limb (5 decks)

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