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Human Anatomy -- Back and Upper Limb > The Back > Flashcards

The Back Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the superior and inferior articular processes?

A

Restrict movement

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2
Q

Zygaphophasial joint formed by…

A

Inferior processes of one vertebra and the superior processes of the vertebra below it

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the transverse and spinous processes?

A

Restrict movement

Muscle attachment

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4
Q

Interveterbral foramen

A
  • Where spinal nerves exit from the spinal cord out to body

- Formed by the inferior vertebral notch of top vertebra and superior vertebral notch of bottom vertebra

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5
Q

What are the purposes of joint surfaces?

A 
To attach vertebrae together
Prevent rotation (important to prevent damage to SC)
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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of the IV disk?

A

Anulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

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7
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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8
Q

What are characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6)?

A

Oval-shaped bodies
Bifid spinous process
Foramen transversarium
Posterior and anterior tubercles on transverse processes

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9
Q

What passes through the foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Vertebral arteries

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10
Q

What is the name of the anterior tubercle of C6?

A

Carotid tubercle

It is larger than others

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11
Q

What are characteristics of C1?

A

Atlas:
No body
No spinous process
Superior articular surfaces for connection to occipital condyles

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12
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

Between atlas and skull

Nodding head

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13
Q

What are characteristics of C2?

A

Has a body

Dens (odontoid process)

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14
Q

Dens originated from…

A

The body of C1 – it migrated down to the second vertebra

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15
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

Between atlas and axis

Shaking head

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16
Q

The dens is held around C1 by…

A

The transverse ligament of the atlas (part of the cruciate ligament)
This ligament is on C1

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17
Q

What protrusion can be felt at the base of the neck?

A

Spinous process of C7

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18
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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19
Q

What are characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Kidney-shaped bodies

Spinous processes slope down and overlap with the next vertebra

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20
Q

Transverse costal facets located on what vertebrae?

A

Thoracic

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21
Q

Where are costal facets located?

A

Transverse process and

2 on each side of vertebral body of THORACIC vertebrae

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22
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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23
Q

What are characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Kidney-shaped bodies
Thin transverse process
Spinous processes stick straight back

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24
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5 fused vertebrae

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25
Q

Median sacral crest originated from…

A

Spinous processes of the 5 fused vertebrae

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26
Q

Auricular surfaces on what structure?

A

Sacrum

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27
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1

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28
Q

How many bones make up the coccyx?

A

4

Remnants of tail bone

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29
Q

Why do people become shorter as they age?

A

IV disks lose elascticity

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30
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament blends with…

A

Anulus fibers of IV disks

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31
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament continuous with…

A

Tectorial membrane (runs C2–>skull)

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32
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A

Between each vertebrae, along the inside vertebral wall (inside the vertebral arch)
Flavum = yellow
Extend from the lamina above to the lamina below

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33
Q

Interspinous ligament

A

Between spinous processes

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34
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

Runs down along all of the spinous processes (runs C7-sacrum)

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35
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

Wide, flat
Extends out from vertebral column
Serves as point of attachment for muscles
Runs Skull –> C7

36
Q

Intertransverse ligament

A

between transverse processes

37
Q

Transverse ligament

A

holds dens around atlas

38
Q

Clivus

A

Slope of skull where posterior long ligament originates

39
Q

Cruciate ligament composed of…

A

Transverse ligament of the atlas

Superior and inferior longitudinal bands

40
Q

Apical ligament

A

At tip of dens

41
Q

Anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes extend…

A

from base of skull to C1

42
Q

What sections of vert column are primary curves?

What is their direction?

A

Thoracic and sacral
Concave front
Convex back

43
Q

What sections of vert column are secondary curves?

What is their direction?

A

Cervical and lumbar
Convex front
Concave back

44
Q

Laminectomy

A

Remove vertebral column to expose spinal cord

45
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?

A

8
C1 nerve goes over top of atlas
C8 nerve goes under C7 vertebra

46
Q

Past the neck region, where are the spinal nerve pairs in relation to vertebrae?

A

Exit under the corresponding vertebrae

47
Q

Cervical plexus runs

A

C1-C5

48
Q

Brachial plexus runs

A

C5-T1

49
Q

Intercostal nerves run

A

T1-T12

50
Q

Lumbar plexus runs

A

L1-L4

51
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L5-sacral nerves

52
Q

Enlargements/bulges in SC correspond with…

A

Areas of high activity

53
Q

Cervical enlargement corresponds with…

A

Brachial plexus

54
Q

Lumbosacral enlargement corresponds with…

A

Lumbosacral plexus

55
Q

What happens during development that causes the spinal cord to be shorter than the vertebral column?

A

Vertebral column grows faster than SC

56
Q

What are the meninges of the SC?

A

Dura mater – fibrous
Arachnoid mater – filled with CSF
Pia mater

57
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Secure the spinal cord within the cavity
Attach the pia mater to the dura and arachnoid maters
“Tooth-like”

58
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

Insert into lumbar cistern (enlargement of subarachnoid space in the dural sac; contains CSF and cauda equina)

59
Q

Gray matter

A

Cell bodies of neurons

60
Q

White matter

A

Bundles of axons

61
Q

Spinal ganglion

A

bundle of cell bodies

62
Q

Anterior nerves are…
Posterior nerves are…
(Motor or sensory)

A

Ant: motor
Post: sensory

63
Q

Describe the organization of the spinal cord

A 
SAME DAVE
Sensory
Afferent
Motor
Efferent

Dorsal
Afferent
Ventral
Efferent

64
Q

Spinal nerve is what kind of nerve?

A

Mixed – both motor and sensory

65
Q

What arteries supply the back?

Where do they branch from?

A

Anterior spinal artery
Posterior spinal arteries (2)

Branch from vertebral arteries

66
Q

Vertebral arteries anastamose with…

A

Spinal branches of Segmental arteries

Segmental arteries come from descending aorta

67
Q

What are the muscles in the erector spinae (middle layer)?

A

Iliocostalis (outermost)
Longissimus (middle)
Spinalis (innermost)

68
Q

What are the muscles of the transversospinalis (deep layer)?

A

Semispinalis (outermost)
Multifidus (middle)
Rotatores (innermost)

69
Q

Major extrinsic muscles of the back are innervated by…

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

Cranial nerve XI

70
Q

Thoracolumbar fascia

A

Trapezius and Lats dorsi intersect to here

71
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the back (superficial)?

A 
Trapezius
Latissimis dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
72
Q

Erector spinae muscles innervated by…

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

73
Q

Splenius is in what layer?

A

Middle layer of muscle

74
Q

Transversospinalis muscles innervated by…

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

75
Q

Intertransversarii

A

Muscles that go from one transverse process to the next

76
Q

Interspinales

A

Muscles that go from one spinous process to the next

77
Q

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

A

Muscle that is related to trapezius

Starts at back of skull and wraps around to front of neck

78
Q

Suboccipital triangle made by:

A

Rectus capitis posterior major (defines triangle)
-closest to spine
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Obliquus capitis superior (defines triangle)
Obliquus capitis inferior (defines triangle)
-floor of triangle

79
Q

What artery is within the suboccipital triangle?

A

Vertebral artery

80
Q

Vertebral artery travels through what vertebrae?

A

Cervical

81
Q

What nerve runs through the suboccipital triangle?

A

Suboccipital nerve

post rami of C1 nerve

82
Q

Greater occipital nerve is…

A

C2 (sensory)

83
Q

Lesser occipital nerve is…

A

C3 (sensory)

84
Q

Muscles of the suboccipital triangle are innervated by…

A

Suboccipital nerve

85
Q

What kind of arteries are in the thoracic region?

A

Intercostal arteries

86
Q

Most muscles of the back are innervated by…

A

Post rami of spinal nerves

87
Q

What muscle of the back is innervated by both the ant and post rami of spinal nerves?

A

Intertransversarii

Human Anatomy -- Back and Upper Limb (5 decks)

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