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Human Anatomy -- Back and Upper Limb > The Back > Flashcards

The Back Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the superior and inferior articular processes?

A

Restrict movement

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2
Q

Zygaphophasial joint formed by…

A

Inferior processes of one vertebra and the superior processes of the vertebra below it

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the transverse and spinous processes?

A

Restrict movement

Muscle attachment

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4
Q

Interveterbral foramen

A
  • Where spinal nerves exit from the spinal cord out to body

- Formed by the inferior vertebral notch of top vertebra and superior vertebral notch of bottom vertebra

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5
Q

What are the purposes of joint surfaces?

A 
To attach vertebrae together
Prevent rotation (important to prevent damage to SC)
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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of the IV disk?

A

Anulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

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7
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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8
Q

What are characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6)?

A

Oval-shaped bodies
Bifid spinous process
Foramen transversarium
Posterior and anterior tubercles on transverse processes

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9
Q

What passes through the foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebrae?

A

Vertebral arteries

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10
Q

What is the name of the anterior tubercle of C6?

A

Carotid tubercle

It is larger than others

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11
Q

What are characteristics of C1?

A

Atlas:
No body
No spinous process
Superior articular surfaces for connection to occipital condyles

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12
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

Between atlas and skull

Nodding head

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13
Q

What are characteristics of C2?

A

Has a body

Dens (odontoid process)

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14
Q

Dens originated from…

A

The body of C1 – it migrated down to the second vertebra

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15
Q

Atlanto-axial joint

A

Between atlas and axis

Shaking head

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16
Q

The dens is held around C1 by…

A

The transverse ligament of the atlas (part of the cruciate ligament)
This ligament is on C1

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17
Q

What protrusion can be felt at the base of the neck?

A

Spinous process of C7

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18
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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19
Q

What are characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Kidney-shaped bodies

Spinous processes slope down and overlap with the next vertebra

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20
Q

Transverse costal facets located on what vertebrae?

A

Thoracic

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21
Q

Where are costal facets located?

A

Transverse process and

2 on each side of vertebral body of THORACIC vertebrae

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22
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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23
Q

What are characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Kidney-shaped bodies
Thin transverse process
Spinous processes stick straight back

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24
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5 fused vertebrae

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25
Median sacral crest originated from...
Spinous processes of the 5 fused vertebrae
26
Auricular surfaces on what structure?
Sacrum
27
Where does the spinal cord end?
L1
28
How many bones make up the coccyx?
4 | Remnants of tail bone
29
Why do people become shorter as they age?
IV disks lose elascticity
30
Anterior longitudinal ligament blends with...
Anulus fibers of IV disks
31
Posterior longitudinal ligament continuous with...
Tectorial membrane (runs C2-->skull)
32
Ligamentum flavum
Between each vertebrae, along the inside vertebral wall (inside the vertebral arch) Flavum = yellow Extend from the lamina above to the lamina below
33
Interspinous ligament
Between spinous processes
34
Supraspinous ligament
Runs down along all of the spinous processes (runs C7-sacrum)
35
Nuchal ligament
Wide, flat Extends out from vertebral column Serves as point of attachment for muscles Runs Skull --> C7
36
Intertransverse ligament
between transverse processes
37
Transverse ligament
holds dens around atlas
38
Clivus
Slope of skull where posterior long ligament originates
39
Cruciate ligament composed of...
Transverse ligament of the atlas | Superior and inferior longitudinal bands
40
Apical ligament
At tip of dens
41
Anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes extend...
from base of skull to C1
42
What sections of vert column are primary curves? | What is their direction?
Thoracic and sacral Concave front Convex back
43
What sections of vert column are secondary curves? | What is their direction?
Cervical and lumbar Convex front Concave back
44
Laminectomy
Remove vertebral column to expose spinal cord
45
How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?
8 C1 nerve goes over top of atlas C8 nerve goes under C7 vertebra
46
Past the neck region, where are the spinal nerve pairs in relation to vertebrae?
Exit under the corresponding vertebrae
47
Cervical plexus runs
C1-C5
48
Brachial plexus runs
C5-T1
49
Intercostal nerves run
T1-T12
50
Lumbar plexus runs
L1-L4
51
Sacral plexus
L5-sacral nerves
52
Enlargements/bulges in SC correspond with...
Areas of high activity
53
Cervical enlargement corresponds with...
Brachial plexus
54
Lumbosacral enlargement corresponds with...
Lumbosacral plexus
55
What happens during development that causes the spinal cord to be shorter than the vertebral column?
Vertebral column grows faster than SC
56
What are the meninges of the SC?
Dura mater -- fibrous Arachnoid mater -- filled with CSF Pia mater
57
Denticulate ligaments
Secure the spinal cord within the cavity Attach the pia mater to the dura and arachnoid maters "Tooth-like"
58
Lumbar puncture
Insert into lumbar cistern (enlargement of subarachnoid space in the dural sac; contains CSF and cauda equina)
59
Gray matter
Cell bodies of neurons
60
White matter
Bundles of axons
61
Spinal ganglion
bundle of cell bodies
62
Anterior nerves are... Posterior nerves are... (Motor or sensory)
Ant: motor Post: sensory
63
Describe the organization of the spinal cord
``` SAME DAVE Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent ``` Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent
64
Spinal nerve is what kind of nerve?
Mixed -- both motor and sensory
65
What arteries supply the back? | Where do they branch from?
Anterior spinal artery Posterior spinal arteries (2) Branch from vertebral arteries
66
Vertebral arteries anastamose with...
Spinal branches of Segmental arteries | Segmental arteries come from descending aorta
67
What are the muscles in the erector spinae (middle layer)?
Iliocostalis (outermost) Longissimus (middle) Spinalis (innermost)
68
What are the muscles of the transversospinalis (deep layer)?
Semispinalis (outermost) Multifidus (middle) Rotatores (innermost)
69
Major extrinsic muscles of the back are innervated by...
Dorsal scapular nerve | Cranial nerve XI
70
Thoracolumbar fascia
Trapezius and Lats dorsi intersect to here
71
What are the extrinsic muscles of the back (superficial)?
``` Trapezius Latissimis dorsi Levator scapulae Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor ```
72
Erector spinae muscles innervated by...
Posterior rami of spinal nerves
73
Splenius is in what layer?
Middle layer of muscle
74
Transversospinalis muscles innervated by...
Posterior rami of spinal nerves
75
Intertransversarii
Muscles that go from one transverse process to the next
76
Interspinales
Muscles that go from one spinous process to the next
77
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Muscle that is related to trapezius | Starts at back of skull and wraps around to front of neck
78
Suboccipital triangle made by:
Rectus capitis posterior major (defines triangle) -closest to spine Rectus capitis posterior minor Obliquus capitis superior (defines triangle) Obliquus capitis inferior (defines triangle) -floor of triangle
79
What artery is within the suboccipital triangle?
Vertebral artery
80
Vertebral artery travels through what vertebrae?
Cervical
81
What nerve runs through the suboccipital triangle?
Suboccipital nerve | post rami of C1 nerve
82
Greater occipital nerve is...
C2 (sensory)
83
Lesser occipital nerve is...
C3 (sensory)
84
Muscles of the suboccipital triangle are innervated by...
Suboccipital nerve
85
What kind of arteries are in the thoracic region?
Intercostal arteries
86
Most muscles of the back are innervated by...
Post rami of spinal nerves
87
What muscle of the back is innervated by both the ant and post rami of spinal nerves?
Intertransversarii

Human Anatomy -- Back and Upper Limb (5 decks)

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