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Cultural Psychology > The Ultimate Deck > Flashcards

The Ultimate Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

What is “nonuniversal”?

A

Doesn’t exist in all cultures

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2
Q

Existential universal

A

Exists in multiple cultures, but not used the same way across cultures.

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3
Q

Functional universal

A

Exists in multiple cultures, used the same way across cultures, but not everyone has access to it.

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4
Q

Accessible universal

A

Exists in multiple cultures, used the same way across cultures, everyone has access to it (basically it’s the ultimate universality)

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5
Q

Multicultural approach

A

Accepting that everyone is different due to different cultural backgrounds.

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6
Q

Colourblind approach

A

Everyone is equal

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7
Q

Prestige Bias

A

Being selective about who you learn from (tendency to learn from someone who’s higher in status)

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8
Q

Imitative Learning vs. Emulative Learning

A

Imitative learning is innately in human, where we try to understand the intent of the model and imitate their behaviours.

Emulative learning is more found in primates, where they will try to figure out the context of their environment.

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9
Q

What are the 2 cultural learning skills that humans have?

A
  1. Theory of Mind.

2. Language

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10
Q

Ratchet Effect

A

Making sure that old information isn’t lost.

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11
Q

Social Brain Hypothesis

A

Ability to navigate through complex social world, thus allowing us to have a bigger brain.

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12
Q

Proximal Cause

A

Short term, direct and immediate impact of event

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13
Q

Distal Cause

A

Slow, long-term effect of the initial difference that later causes an impact

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14
Q

Evoked Culture

A

Environment causes bring out the traits that people already have, and change them.

example: Attractiveness is innate. Attractiveness becomes important in a choosing a mate when there are lots of parasites.

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15
Q

Transmitted Culture

A

Learn things in your culture and share them with others.

example: Attractiveness that was once more important in environment where there are lots of parasites becomes a learned behaviour.

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16
Q

How do ideas spread? Name 4 reasons.

A
  1. Ideas are communicated via language.
  2. Innate desire to help others.
  3. Emotional ideas
  4. Having few counterintuitive factors in the stories.
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17
Q

Dynamic Social Impact Theory

A

People influenced by ideas of others that they interact frequently.

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18
Q

Why are cultures becoming more individualistic? Name 4 reasons.

A
  1. Time and money are being competed for.
  2. Increased suburbanization (more time spent in cars and homes, less time to run into neighbors and friends).
  3. More engagement in passive forms of entertainment due to technology.
  4. Different lifestyles of older and younger generations.
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19
Q

The Flynn Effect

A

IQ increasing across generations

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20
Q

Raven’s Matrices

A

IQ test free of cultural boundaries

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21
Q

We’re getting better at problem-solving. Why is that? Name 2 reasons.

A
  1. Better nutrients available.

2. More complexity in the world (TV shows, video games, and amount of education)

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22
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

People collectively misinterpreting thoughts that underlie others’ behaviours.

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23
Q

Name 4 factors that guide an Indian to make a particular sleep arrangement for a family.

A
  1. Incest avoidance.
  2. Purity protection of the female.
  3. Hierarchy
  4. Protection of the vulnerable young.
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24
Q

Name 3 factors that guide an American to make a particular sleep arrangement for a family.

A
  1. Incest avoidance.
  2. Couple’s privacy and intimacy
  3. Autonomy for children
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25
Q

Why is rebellion in adolescence only seen in the US? Name 2 reasons.

A
  1. Individualism conflicts with parental control.
  2. Urbanization & industrialization make adult role more complex and give more options, which delay making commitments.
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26
Q

Asians seem to do better at math because…(4 reasons)

A
  1. There’s more focus on education by the parents.
  2. There’s more central focus on math and real life problems.
  3. More focus on failures & room to improve
  4. Numbers are easier in Asian languages.
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27
Q

Plow cultivation

A

Usage of cattle & men to do farming

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28
Q

Shifting cultivation

A

Women digging holes while children pull weeds.

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29
Q

Objective awareness

A

Third person perspective

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30
Q

Subjective awareness

A

First person perspective

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31
Q

Implicit Theory

A

Guides how we interpret the world.

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32
Q

Incremental theory of self

A

We have the power to change ourselves

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33
Q

Entity theory of self

A

We cannot change ourselves, as we come with skills and abilities that are innate

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34
Q

What is the adjustment period of immigration? (3)

A
  1. Honeymoon Phase
  2. Culture Shock
  3. Adjustment
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35
Q

Cultural Distance

A

How different is the heritage culture from the host culture?

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36
Q

Integration Strategy of Acculturation

A

Keeping best of both worlds, you try to maintain your heritage culture while trying to adjust to the host culture.

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37
Q

Marginalization Strategy of Acculturation

A

No particular tie to a culture, and feel like a global citizen.

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38
Q

Assimilation Strategy of Acculturation

A

Reject the heritage culture but accept the host cultural norms

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39
Q

Separation Strategy of Acculturation

A

Keep the heritage culture while rejecting the host culture.

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40
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Fear of confirming a negative stereotype through a behaviour

41
Q

Bicultural identity integration (high vs. low)

A

High - frame switching is more culturally consistent

Low - frame switching is less culturally consistent

42
Q

Integrative complexity

A

ability to acknowledge and consider other viewpoints

43
Q

Self serving Bias

A

Tendency to exaggerate good parts about self

44
Q

Downward social comparison

A

comparing self to those who are worse than you

45
Q

upward social comparison

A

comparing self to those who are better than you

46
Q

compensatory self enhancement

A

focusing on what you’re good at

47
Q

External attribution

A

Blame the external factors to your failure

48
Q

Basking in reflected glory

A

tying self to someone else’s success

49
Q

Endowment effect

A

valuing an owned object because they see a relationship between self & object

50
Q

Prevention orientation

A

Focusing on weaknesses and correcting them

51
Q

Promotion orientation

A

focusing on good qualities and what went well

52
Q

Primary control

A

You can change your environment to make it fit your needs because you cannot change but the environment can. (Entity theory of self)

53
Q

Secondary control

A

You will fit into the fixed world by changing yourself because the world cannot change but you are malleable (incremental theory of self)

54
Q

James Lange Theory of Emotions

A

Emotions are universal, as they are physiological reactions to a stimuli

55
Q

The Two Factory Theory

A

Physiological responses to a stimuli that are interpreted by the mind

56
Q

Display Rules

A

Cultural norms dictating what emotions are allowed to be expressed and at what intensity.

57
Q

Acute Mediterranean Syndrome

A

Mediterraneans tend to be more vocal about emotions, hence voice their pain more at hospitals

58
Q

Ritualized Display

A

Culturally learned facial expression

59
Q

Subjective well-being is determined by…(3)

A
  1. Wealth
  2. Human Rights
  3. Feeling respected by others vs. Being True to Self (depending on the culture type)
60
Q

Ideal effect

A

Negative and positive emotions have different impact depending on the culture, hence some may be more desired than others.

Example: China is cool with being calm

61
Q

Taxonomic Organization

A

Categorical organization

62
Q

Thematic Organization

A

Relationships with objects in context

63
Q

Field Dependence

A

Seeing objects together

64
Q

Saccades

A

quick eye movements from one object to another.

65
Q

Dispositional Attribution

A

Attribution style based on inner attributes

66
Q

Situational attribution

A

Situational based attribution style

67
Q

Reverse fundamental attribution error

A

Only basing it on situation too much

68
Q

Associative Reasoning

A

Looking at relationship between objects and events

69
Q

Rule based reasoning

A

fixed rules & laws of the object.

70
Q

Naive dialecticism

A

Acceptance that contradiction can happen

71
Q

Whorfian Hypothesis (2 parts)

A
  1. Language determines our thinking. Without language, we cannot think.
  2. Language affects how we think.
72
Q

Propinquity Effect

A

Liking someone more because you interact with them more

73
Q

Similarity Attraction Effect

A

Liking someone because you’re similar to them

74
Q

4 Elements of Relationship

A
  1. Communal sharing
  2. Authority Ranking
  3. Equality matching
  4. Market Pricing
75
Q

Communal sharing (part of 4 elements of relationship)

A

Everyone is equal and treated like so

76
Q

Authority Ranking (part of 4 elements of relationship)

A

Based on hierarchy

77
Q

Equality Matching (part of 4 elements of relationship)

A

Pay back in equal amount

78
Q

Market Pricing (part of 4 elements of relationship)

A

Fair price for fair value

79
Q

Relational mobility

A

Ability to make new friends, relationships, move, etc

80
Q

Residential mobility

A

Ability to move freely

81
Q

Secularized Theory

A

Theory that science and development are causing religions to decline

82
Q

3 Stages of Kohlberg’s Moral Development

A
  1. Preconventional - Does it fit my needs? What are the physical/hedonistic consequences?
  2. Conventional - Right or wrong based on culturally laid out societal rules & laws
  3. Post-Conventional - Abstract moral rules (mostly concerning justice and individual right)
83
Q

3 Codes of Ethics

A
  1. Ethic of Autonomy - individual right & freedom
  2. Ethic of Community - your role in the community
  3. Ethic of Divinity - Nature of order, rules made by god, purity
84
Q

Distribution is made fair by these principles (3):

A
  1. Principle of Need - who needs it the most?
  2. Principle of Equality - everyone gets it
  3. Principle of Equity - more contribution, more distribution
85
Q

Altruistic Punishment

A

Punishing someone that didn’t make equal contribution by paying your own money; increases cooperation

86
Q

Antisocial Punishment

A

Punishing someone for fun by paying your own money; increases revenge

87
Q

French Paradox

A

French people are healthy despite the large consumption of sugar & fat because:

  1. Fewer calories & smaller consumption of food
  2. Food is to be enjoyed (positive attitude towards food)
88
Q

Epidemiological paradox

A

Despite their skin colour, Latinos aren’t stressed out like black people because:

  1. healthier life habits
  2. Simpatico
89
Q

Dhat Syndrome

A

Anxiety over masturbation and unorganized sex act due to fear of losing semen

90
Q

Koro

A

fear of penis shrinking into the body / titty shrinking into the body

91
Q

Amok

A

Acute outburst

92
Q

Frigophobia

A

Fear of catching a cold

93
Q

Susto

A

Spirit getting dislodged in the body due to scary experience

94
Q

Latah

A

Disassociative state where weird behaviours are displayed because you got spooped

95
Q

Malgri

A

Feeling anxious in new area until a holy ritual is done

96
Q

Agonias

A

Anxiety disorder + eating disorder but feeling like you’re burning

97
Q

Kufurgisisa

A

Feeling irritated and having panic attacks from mental exhaustion

98
Q

Morita Therapy

A

Accepting the situation as is and adjusting yourself to tit. Success is seen when you are able to be productive despite having depression, for example.

99
Q

Naikan Therapy

A

Using guilt & gratitude (guilt about your past, gratitude towards people that have done things for you) and change yourself.

Cultural Psychology (2 decks)

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