The Ultimate Deck Flashcards
What is “nonuniversal”?
Doesn’t exist in all cultures
Existential universal
Exists in multiple cultures, but not used the same way across cultures.
Functional universal
Exists in multiple cultures, used the same way across cultures, but not everyone has access to it.
Accessible universal
Exists in multiple cultures, used the same way across cultures, everyone has access to it (basically it’s the ultimate universality)
Multicultural approach
Accepting that everyone is different due to different cultural backgrounds.
Colourblind approach
Everyone is equal
Prestige Bias
Being selective about who you learn from (tendency to learn from someone who’s higher in status)
Imitative Learning vs. Emulative Learning
Imitative learning is innately in human, where we try to understand the intent of the model and imitate their behaviours.
Emulative learning is more found in primates, where they will try to figure out the context of their environment.
What are the 2 cultural learning skills that humans have?
- Theory of Mind.
2. Language
Ratchet Effect
Making sure that old information isn’t lost.
Social Brain Hypothesis
Ability to navigate through complex social world, thus allowing us to have a bigger brain.
Proximal Cause
Short term, direct and immediate impact of event
Distal Cause
Slow, long-term effect of the initial difference that later causes an impact
Evoked Culture
Environment causes bring out the traits that people already have, and change them.
example: Attractiveness is innate. Attractiveness becomes important in a choosing a mate when there are lots of parasites.
Transmitted Culture
Learn things in your culture and share them with others.
example: Attractiveness that was once more important in environment where there are lots of parasites becomes a learned behaviour.
How do ideas spread? Name 4 reasons.
- Ideas are communicated via language.
- Innate desire to help others.
- Emotional ideas
- Having few counterintuitive factors in the stories.
Dynamic Social Impact Theory
People influenced by ideas of others that they interact frequently.
Why are cultures becoming more individualistic? Name 4 reasons.
- Time and money are being competed for.
- Increased suburbanization (more time spent in cars and homes, less time to run into neighbors and friends).
- More engagement in passive forms of entertainment due to technology.
- Different lifestyles of older and younger generations.
The Flynn Effect
IQ increasing across generations
Raven’s Matrices
IQ test free of cultural boundaries
We’re getting better at problem-solving. Why is that? Name 2 reasons.
- Better nutrients available.
2. More complexity in the world (TV shows, video games, and amount of education)
Pluralistic Ignorance
People collectively misinterpreting thoughts that underlie others’ behaviours.
Name 4 factors that guide an Indian to make a particular sleep arrangement for a family.
- Incest avoidance.
- Purity protection of the female.
- Hierarchy
- Protection of the vulnerable young.
Name 3 factors that guide an American to make a particular sleep arrangement for a family.
- Incest avoidance.
- Couple’s privacy and intimacy
- Autonomy for children