The Ultimate Deck Flashcards
What is “nonuniversal”?
Doesn’t exist in all cultures
Existential universal
Exists in multiple cultures, but not used the same way across cultures.
Functional universal
Exists in multiple cultures, used the same way across cultures, but not everyone has access to it.
Accessible universal
Exists in multiple cultures, used the same way across cultures, everyone has access to it (basically it’s the ultimate universality)
Multicultural approach
Accepting that everyone is different due to different cultural backgrounds.
Colourblind approach
Everyone is equal
Prestige Bias
Being selective about who you learn from (tendency to learn from someone who’s higher in status)
Imitative Learning vs. Emulative Learning
Imitative learning is innately in human, where we try to understand the intent of the model and imitate their behaviours.
Emulative learning is more found in primates, where they will try to figure out the context of their environment.
What are the 2 cultural learning skills that humans have?
- Theory of Mind.
2. Language
Ratchet Effect
Making sure that old information isn’t lost.
Social Brain Hypothesis
Ability to navigate through complex social world, thus allowing us to have a bigger brain.
Proximal Cause
Short term, direct and immediate impact of event
Distal Cause
Slow, long-term effect of the initial difference that later causes an impact
Evoked Culture
Environment causes bring out the traits that people already have, and change them.
example: Attractiveness is innate. Attractiveness becomes important in a choosing a mate when there are lots of parasites.
Transmitted Culture
Learn things in your culture and share them with others.
example: Attractiveness that was once more important in environment where there are lots of parasites becomes a learned behaviour.
How do ideas spread? Name 4 reasons.
- Ideas are communicated via language.
- Innate desire to help others.
- Emotional ideas
- Having few counterintuitive factors in the stories.
Dynamic Social Impact Theory
People influenced by ideas of others that they interact frequently.
Why are cultures becoming more individualistic? Name 4 reasons.
- Time and money are being competed for.
- Increased suburbanization (more time spent in cars and homes, less time to run into neighbors and friends).
- More engagement in passive forms of entertainment due to technology.
- Different lifestyles of older and younger generations.
The Flynn Effect
IQ increasing across generations
Raven’s Matrices
IQ test free of cultural boundaries
We’re getting better at problem-solving. Why is that? Name 2 reasons.
- Better nutrients available.
2. More complexity in the world (TV shows, video games, and amount of education)
Pluralistic Ignorance
People collectively misinterpreting thoughts that underlie others’ behaviours.
Name 4 factors that guide an Indian to make a particular sleep arrangement for a family.
- Incest avoidance.
- Purity protection of the female.
- Hierarchy
- Protection of the vulnerable young.
Name 3 factors that guide an American to make a particular sleep arrangement for a family.
- Incest avoidance.
- Couple’s privacy and intimacy
- Autonomy for children
Why is rebellion in adolescence only seen in the US? Name 2 reasons.
- Individualism conflicts with parental control.
- Urbanization & industrialization make adult role more complex and give more options, which delay making commitments.
Asians seem to do better at math because…(4 reasons)
- There’s more focus on education by the parents.
- There’s more central focus on math and real life problems.
- More focus on failures & room to improve
- Numbers are easier in Asian languages.
Plow cultivation
Usage of cattle & men to do farming
Shifting cultivation
Women digging holes while children pull weeds.
Objective awareness
Third person perspective
Subjective awareness
First person perspective
Implicit Theory
Guides how we interpret the world.
Incremental theory of self
We have the power to change ourselves
Entity theory of self
We cannot change ourselves, as we come with skills and abilities that are innate
What is the adjustment period of immigration? (3)
- Honeymoon Phase
- Culture Shock
- Adjustment
Cultural Distance
How different is the heritage culture from the host culture?
Integration Strategy of Acculturation
Keeping best of both worlds, you try to maintain your heritage culture while trying to adjust to the host culture.
Marginalization Strategy of Acculturation
No particular tie to a culture, and feel like a global citizen.
Assimilation Strategy of Acculturation
Reject the heritage culture but accept the host cultural norms
Separation Strategy of Acculturation
Keep the heritage culture while rejecting the host culture.
Stereotype Threat
Fear of confirming a negative stereotype through a behaviour
Bicultural identity integration (high vs. low)
High - frame switching is more culturally consistent
Low - frame switching is less culturally consistent
Integrative complexity
ability to acknowledge and consider other viewpoints
Self serving Bias
Tendency to exaggerate good parts about self
Downward social comparison
comparing self to those who are worse than you
upward social comparison
comparing self to those who are better than you
compensatory self enhancement
focusing on what you’re good at
External attribution
Blame the external factors to your failure
Basking in reflected glory
tying self to someone else’s success
Endowment effect
valuing an owned object because they see a relationship between self & object
Prevention orientation
Focusing on weaknesses and correcting them
Promotion orientation
focusing on good qualities and what went well
Primary control
You can change your environment to make it fit your needs because you cannot change but the environment can. (Entity theory of self)
Secondary control
You will fit into the fixed world by changing yourself because the world cannot change but you are malleable (incremental theory of self)
James Lange Theory of Emotions
Emotions are universal, as they are physiological reactions to a stimuli
The Two Factory Theory
Physiological responses to a stimuli that are interpreted by the mind
Display Rules
Cultural norms dictating what emotions are allowed to be expressed and at what intensity.
Acute Mediterranean Syndrome
Mediterraneans tend to be more vocal about emotions, hence voice their pain more at hospitals
Ritualized Display
Culturally learned facial expression
Subjective well-being is determined by…(3)
- Wealth
- Human Rights
- Feeling respected by others vs. Being True to Self (depending on the culture type)
Ideal effect
Negative and positive emotions have different impact depending on the culture, hence some may be more desired than others.
Example: China is cool with being calm
Taxonomic Organization
Categorical organization
Thematic Organization
Relationships with objects in context
Field Dependence
Seeing objects together
Saccades
quick eye movements from one object to another.
Dispositional Attribution
Attribution style based on inner attributes
Situational attribution
Situational based attribution style
Reverse fundamental attribution error
Only basing it on situation too much
Associative Reasoning
Looking at relationship between objects and events
Rule based reasoning
fixed rules & laws of the object.
Naive dialecticism
Acceptance that contradiction can happen
Whorfian Hypothesis (2 parts)
- Language determines our thinking. Without language, we cannot think.
- Language affects how we think.
Propinquity Effect
Liking someone more because you interact with them more
Similarity Attraction Effect
Liking someone because you’re similar to them
4 Elements of Relationship
- Communal sharing
- Authority Ranking
- Equality matching
- Market Pricing
Communal sharing (part of 4 elements of relationship)
Everyone is equal and treated like so
Authority Ranking (part of 4 elements of relationship)
Based on hierarchy
Equality Matching (part of 4 elements of relationship)
Pay back in equal amount
Market Pricing (part of 4 elements of relationship)
Fair price for fair value
Relational mobility
Ability to make new friends, relationships, move, etc
Residential mobility
Ability to move freely
Secularized Theory
Theory that science and development are causing religions to decline
3 Stages of Kohlberg’s Moral Development
- Preconventional - Does it fit my needs? What are the physical/hedonistic consequences?
- Conventional - Right or wrong based on culturally laid out societal rules & laws
- Post-Conventional - Abstract moral rules (mostly concerning justice and individual right)
3 Codes of Ethics
- Ethic of Autonomy - individual right & freedom
- Ethic of Community - your role in the community
- Ethic of Divinity - Nature of order, rules made by god, purity
Distribution is made fair by these principles (3):
- Principle of Need - who needs it the most?
- Principle of Equality - everyone gets it
- Principle of Equity - more contribution, more distribution
Altruistic Punishment
Punishing someone that didn’t make equal contribution by paying your own money; increases cooperation
Antisocial Punishment
Punishing someone for fun by paying your own money; increases revenge
French Paradox
French people are healthy despite the large consumption of sugar & fat because:
- Fewer calories & smaller consumption of food
- Food is to be enjoyed (positive attitude towards food)
Epidemiological paradox
Despite their skin colour, Latinos aren’t stressed out like black people because:
- healthier life habits
- Simpatico
Dhat Syndrome
Anxiety over masturbation and unorganized sex act due to fear of losing semen
Koro
fear of penis shrinking into the body / titty shrinking into the body
Amok
Acute outburst
Frigophobia
Fear of catching a cold
Susto
Spirit getting dislodged in the body due to scary experience
Latah
Disassociative state where weird behaviours are displayed because you got spooped
Malgri
Feeling anxious in new area until a holy ritual is done
Agonias
Anxiety disorder + eating disorder but feeling like you’re burning
Kufurgisisa
Feeling irritated and having panic attacks from mental exhaustion
Morita Therapy
Accepting the situation as is and adjusting yourself to tit. Success is seen when you are able to be productive despite having depression, for example.
Naikan Therapy
Using guilt & gratitude (guilt about your past, gratitude towards people that have done things for you) and change yourself.
