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Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

How many depressive episodes on average per person?

A

4

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2
Q

What is the kindling hypothesis?

A

the more depressive episodes you have, the more likely you’ll have them in the future

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3
Q

Gender ratio of unipolar depression in childhood vs adolescence/adulthood?

A

1:1 and 2:1 (women:men)

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4
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder is characterized by…

A

Low grade depression (milder version), but chronic (at least years). Up and down in moods.

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5
Q

Double Depression

A

Going back and forth between PDD and MDD

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6
Q

Depressogenic reaction

A

When stressed, you will react a certain way, which will make it more vulnerable to developing depression

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7
Q

5-HTT Alleles affect depression 3 ways:

A
  1. Dysfunction in serotonin system (5-HT)
  2. Neuroticism
  3. Hyperresponsive reaction to aversive stimuli & stress (vulnerability for depression & anxiety)
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8
Q

Low Serotonin in depression causes these symptoms (4)

A
  1. Sad & Depressed mood
  2. Obsessive quality of grief
  3. Feelings of worthlessness & guilt
  4. Recurrent thoughts of death and suicide
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9
Q

Low Dopamine in depression causes…

A

Loss of interest/pleasure

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10
Q

Low Norepinephrine in depression causes…

A

Psychomotor retardation

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11
Q

Indirect effect of serotonin in depression causes…

A

Decrease in norepinephrine & dopamine
OR
increase in norepinephrine & dopamine.

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12
Q

Permissive Theory

A

Serotonin regulates other transmitters (like NE & DA), and when there is a decreased serontonin, there is a decrease in norephinephrine & dopamine which causes depression. It causes mania when there is an increase of NE & DA due to increased functioning of serotonin.

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13
Q

Direct effect of serotonin in depression is…

A

Depletion of trypotophan, which causes a relapse.

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14
Q

Trypotophan’s role

A

Put serotonin together

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15
Q

SSRIs cause increase availability of serotonin, yet on the body, it has 2 mysterious effects on the body:

A
  1. Downregulation of serotonin receptors, in attempt for the body to return to homeostasis.
  2. Decreased metabolite levels are not consistently found
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16
Q

Metabolite

A

Pieces of neurotransmitters broken down

17
Q

Left PFC activity decreased in depression affects…

A

Turns off amygdala, less reaction to approach, less emotional regulatory

18
Q

Increased activity in the right PFC in depression affects…

A

Avoid, inhibit, negative attitude

19
Q

Increased amygdala in depression affects…

20
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) decreased activity in depression causes…

A

Selective attention on error-related rewards & losses

21
Q

Decreased hippocampal volume in depression causes…

A

Memory & learning are affected, as well as ACTH regulation

22
Q

What is Beck’s Cognitive Theory for depression?

A

Negative interpretations of the situations/events causes feelings of depression, which then causes the negative interpretation again, rinse and repeat.

23
Q

What is the diathesis and stressor in the Beck’s Cognitive Model?

A

Diathesis: Dysfunction beliefs
Stressor: Negative incident

24
Q

Negative Cognitive Triad

A

Describes patterns of negative thoughts that are based on 3 things:

  1. Self (i’m unlovable)
  2. World (no one loves me)
  3. Future (i will never be loved)
25
Q

Learned helplessness theory

A

Lack of perceived control over life events, due to pessimistic attributional style

26
Q

What are the 3 depressive attributional styles?

A
  1. Internal Attributions: negative outcomes are one’s own fault
  2. Stable attributions: future negative outcomes will be one’s fault
  3. Global attributions: negative events disrupt many life activities, which increase the sense of hopelessness.
27
Q

Learned hopelessness theory

A

no hope for the future, due to pessimistic attributional style + negative life event + experience of state of hopelessness => Depression

28
Q

Why are women more likely to become depressed? Give bio, psycho, and social reasons.

A

Bio - More cortisol found in women
Psycho - More tendency to ruminate, feeling sad (a passive form of emotion versus anger that is more active form of emotion, felt by men)
Social - More likely to experience chronically stressful events such as sexual harassment, trauma, poverty; more likely to care about those who are going through difficulty and get burnt out

29
Q

Name at least 3 biological treatments for unipolar depression

A
  1. SSRIs
  2. Light therapy
  3. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
30
Q

What’s the benefit and risk of ECT?

A

Benefit: Works quickly when it works
Risk: Memory loss, confusion

31
Q

What’s the benefit and risk of TMS?

A

Benefit: Non-invasive
Risks: Still relatively new

Cultural Psychology (2 decks)

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