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CC-2224 Geo Paper 2 > The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape > Flashcards

The UK's Evolving Physical Landscape Flashcards

1
Q

What is a landscape

A

The character of an area, resulting from the action and interaction of natural and human elements

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2
Q

What is igneous rock

A

Form when magma from the mantle cools down and hardens
As it cools, crystals form in the rock
Igneous rocks are hard and more resistant to erosion

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3
Q

What is sedimentary rock

A

Layers of sediment are compacted together until they become solid rock

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4
Q

What is metamorphic rock

A

When rock (igneous, sedimentary or older metamorphic rock) is put under pressure and heat (but not melted), the original rock becomes a new type of rock
This new rock becomes harder and more compact

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5
Q

Stronger, more resistant rocks tend to produce …

A

Highland areas

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6
Q

Weaker rocks tend to form …

A

Lowlands

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of igneous rock

A

Hard
Resistant
Impermeable
Upland

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of metamorphic rock

A

Very hard
Very resistant
Impermeable
Upland

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of sedimentary rock

A

very soft
Less resistant
Permeable
Lowland

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10
Q

What is weathering

A

breakdown of rock in their original place

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11
Q

What is mass movement

A

weathered material moving down slopes under the influence of gravity

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12
Q

How has the landscape been changed

A

Settlements
Agriculture
Forestry

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13
Q

What are concordant coastlines

A

made up of the same rock type, running parallel to the sea, these coastlines produce coves

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14
Q

What are Discordant coastlines

A

have alternating bands of rock perpendicular to the sea, these types of coastlines form headlands and bays

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15
Q

What are the types of erosion

A

Hydraulic action
Attrition
Corrosion
Abrasion

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16
Q

What is hydraulic action

A

The sheer force of the waves hitting the coast

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17
Q

What is Attrition

A

Material (rocks, shingle, etc.) are carried by the waves and bump against each other and are worn smaller and smoother

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18
Q

What is corrosion

A

slightly acidic and this gradually dissolves some types of coastal rock

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19
Q

What is abrasion

A

Abrasion (or corrasion) - waves pick up material and hurl it at the coast

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20
Q

How are headlands formed

A

Occur where there are alternating bands of hard and soft rocks run perpendicular to oncoming waves (discordant coastline)
At first, the soft rock (e.g. clay) is eroded backward, forming an inlet

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21
Q

How are bays formed

A

As the inlet continues to erode it curves inwards, and a bay is formed, usually with a beach

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22
Q

How are cliffs formed

A

Cliffs are shaped through erosion and weathering processes

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23
Q

How are wave cut platforms formed

A

As the sea attacks the base of a cliff between the high and low water mark, a wave-cut notch is formed
Abrasion, corrosion and hydraulic action further extend the notch back into the cliff
The undercutting of the cliff leads to instability and collapse of the cliff
The backwash of the waves, carries away the eroded material, leaving behind a wave-cut platform

24
Q

How do caves,arches,stacks and stumps form

A
25
Q

What are the factors that determine the height and strength of waves

A

The fetch
The amount of time wind blows
The strength of the wind

26
Q

The movement of water up the beach is called the …

A

Swash

27
Q

The movement of water down the beach is called the

A

Backwash

28
Q

What are destructive waves

A

waves erode the beach

29
Q

What are constructive waves

A

waves are beach builders

30
Q

What is mechanical weathering

A

Water gets into cracks and joints in the rock
When the water freezes it expands and the cracks open a little wider
When the water thaws, the crack contracts, releasing pressure on the crack
Over time, repeated freezing and thawing, widens the crack until pieces of rock split off

31
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

occurs when rocks are broken down by a chemical process

32
Q

What is biological weathering

A

takes place when rocks are worn away by living organisms

33
Q

What is traction

A

where large heavy material is dragged along the sea floor

34
Q

What is saltation

A

where smaller material is bounced along the sea floor

35
Q

What is suspension

A

where fine material is held in the water

36
Q

What is solution

A

dissolved material is carried in the water

37
Q

What is longshore drift

A

Influenced by the prevailing wind, waves approach the beach at an angle
As the waves break, the swash carries material up the beach at the same angle
As the swash dies away, the backwash carries the material down the beach at right angles (90°)
The process repeats, transporting material along the beach in a zig-zag movement

38
Q

What is a spit

A

An extended stretch of sand that extends out to sea from the shore

39
Q

How are spits formed

A

Sediment is transported by the action of longshore drift
Where the coastline changes direction, a shallow, sheltered area allows for the deposition of sediment
Due to increased friction, more deposition occurs
Eventually, a spit slowly builds up to sea level and extends in length
If the wind changes direction, then the wave pattern alters and results in a hooked end
The area behind the spit becomes sheltered

40
Q

What are the human activities that take place on the coast

A

Development
Agriculture
Industry
Coastal management

41
Q

How can coastal flooding be caused

A

Storm surges
Storm tides
Tsunamis

42
Q

What is hard engineering

A

involves building some form of sea defence, usually from concrete, wood or rock

43
Q

What is soft engineering

A

works with natural processes rather than against them

44
Q

What are the characteristics of the upper course

A

Shallow
Steep valley sides
Narrow
Low velocity
Vertical erosion

45
Q

What are the characteristics of the middle course

A

Deeper than upper course channel
Gentle valley sides
Wider than upper course channel
Greater velocity than upper course
Lateral erosion

46
Q

What are the characteristics of the lower course

A

Deeper than middle course channel
Wider than middle course channel
Greater velocity than the middle course channel
Deposition is dominant

47
Q

What is deposition

A

when a river does not have enough energy to carry its material and it drops it

48
Q

How are waterfalls formed

A

The soft rock erodes quicker, undercutting the hard rock and creating a plunge pool
This leads to the development of an overhang of hard rock which eventually over time, collapses
The overhang falls into the plunge pool increasing abrasion and making the plunge pool deeper
The process then begins again and the waterfall retreats upstream leaving a steep sided gorge

49
Q

How are V shaped valley’s formed

A

Vertical erosion is dominant in the upper course of the river
This cuts down into the river bed and deepens the river channel
Weathering and mass movement leads to material from the valley sides collapsing into the river forming a steep v-shaped valley

50
Q

How are meanders formed

A

The fastest water flow is on the outside of the river bends, leading to erosion:
The erosion undercuts the river bank forming a river cliff
The river bank collapses and the edge of the meander moves further out

51
Q

How are oxbow lakes formed

A

The erosion on outside bends can eventually lead to the formation of a meander neck
At a time of flood, the river may cut through the neck of the meander forming a straighter course for the water
The flow of water at entry and exit from the meander will be slower, leading to deposition
The meander becomes cut off from the main river channel, forming an oxbow lake

52
Q

What are levees

A

The heaviest material is deposited first nearest to the river channel forming natural embankments called levees

53
Q

What is lag time

A

The time difference between the peak rainfall and peak discharge

54
Q

What are the factors that cause high and low flood risk

A
55
Q

What are the impacts of flooding

A

CC-2224 Geo Paper 2 (3 decks)

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