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geography two > The UK’s evolving physical landscape > Flashcards

The UK’s evolving physical landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

what is geology

A

the study of earth’s physical structure
rocks, ocean, atmosphere etc

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2
Q

how does sedimentary rock form

A

particles of minerals eroded together to form a new rock

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3
Q

how does igneous rock form

A

mantle cools and hardens again

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4
Q

how does metamorphic rock form

A

type of rock that is changed into a new type of rock underground due to intense heat and pressure

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5
Q

give an example of each rock

A

sedimentary - granite, pumice
igneous - sandstone, coal
metamorphic - slate, marble

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6
Q

where can each type of rock be found

A

sedimentary - south England ( east Anglia), lowlands
igneous - highlands in Scotland
metamorphic - Scotland, Pennines

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7
Q

why are highland areas located where they are

A

located mainly in the north and made mostly of metamorphic and igneous rock. These rocks are harder and therefore harder to erode. past glaciers eroded creating u shaped valleys which then creates highlands.

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8
Q

why are lowland areas located where they are

A

located mainly in the south and made of sedimentary rock which is softer and easier to erode.

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9
Q

what are glaciers

A

large accumulation of ice, rock, snow and often water that originates on land and moves down under its own wight and gravity

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10
Q

what is the distribution of glaciers in the uk

A
  • north
  • Scotland, Northern England
  • because they are closer to the artic and further from the equator - less solar radiation
  • because it is colder
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11
Q

how do glaciers shape land

A

erosion, weathering, transportation, deposition

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12
Q

what is pastoral farming

A

animal grazing

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13
Q

what is arable farming

A

crop growing - Denby’s vineyard

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14
Q

what is biodiversity

A

large variety of plants and animals

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15
Q

what is agriculture

A

the science of farming

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16
Q

what is forestry

A

developing, cultivating forests

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17
Q

what is settlement

A

a place where people live

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18
Q

what is a fetch

A

the distance the wave has to travelled towards the coastline over open water.
long fetch more powerful wave

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19
Q

what are the four types of erosion

A
  • hydraulic action
  • abrasion
  • solution
  • attrition
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20
Q

explain hydraulic action

A

the force of air and water hitting cliff face wearing it away

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21
Q

explain abrasion

A

materials carried in the waves rubbing against cliff wearing them away

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22
Q

explain solution

A

chemical reaction dissolving rocks and minerals eg chalk

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23
Q

explain attrition

A

the sediment particles carried in the river collide with each other

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24
Q

what are the two types of waves

A

destructive and constructive

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25
Q

explain the properties of destructive waves

A

strong backwash
weak swash
destruction of the beach - sucking things back into the sea
waves with steep gradient
short
erodes

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26
Q

explain the properties of constructive waves

A

weak backwash
strong swash
construction of the beach - materials deposited from swash builds
waves with shallow gradient
long wavelength
doesn’t erode

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27
Q

what is a discordant coastline

A

layers of rock (hard, soft) are alternately lying perpendicular to the coastline. creates headlands and bays because over time soft rock erodes

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28
Q

what is a concordant coastline

A

layers of alternating rock lying parallel to the coastline. creates cliffs

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29
Q

what is a wave cut notch and how is it formed

A

a dent in the cliff
formed by the hightide sea eroding the cliff which is under the water. the cliff then retreats backward and any materials on top of cliff will fall in the sea

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30
Q

what is a wave cut platform and how is it formed

A

flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff below low tide level
formed by erosion hydraulic and abrasion

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31
Q

how are caves, arches and stacks formed

A

a headland will erode resulting in a cave. as the cave erodes further it will reach both sides, cutting through the headland. this then creates an arch - rock is still above. eventually this arch will erode through abrasion and hydraulic action. the arch becomes too thin and breaks off from the headland leaving a stump in the middle of the ocean.

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32
Q

what is weathering

A

the breakdown of rocks

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33
Q

what are the three types of weathering

A

physical, chemical, biological

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34
Q

explain physical weathering

A

freeze thaw
- water gets into weaknesses of rocks and this then freezes and expands
- this causes rock to crack even more
- water gets into crack this process repeats and eventually breaks

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35
Q

explain chemical weathering

A

water reacting to chemicals in the rock causing it to wear away - chalk and water, acid rain

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36
Q

explain biological weathering

A

roots underground growing into rock, growing and therefore breaking rock

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37
Q

what is mass movement

A

a sub arial erosion process involving layers of different types of rock. if layers of rock are permeable (water can soak through) causing cliff to slump

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38
Q

what is the longshore drift

A

the transportation of sand and pebbles along the coast by waves

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39
Q

what is deposition

A

When the sea loses energy, it drops the sand, rock particles and pebbles it has been carrying

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40
Q

what is footpath erosion called

A

desire paths

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41
Q

how have humans changed the landscape

A

tourism (campsites), farming, desire paths

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42
Q

how does climate change cause problems for coastlines

A
  • rising sea levels - caused by temperature increase - ice melts. impacts people becauase erosion, loosing houses, effect economy - loss of jobs/tourism, flooding
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43
Q

where are some areas in the UK that are at risk of costal flooding

A
  • east England
  • north west England
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44
Q

what is hard engineering

A

using artificial structure to control natural processes

45
Q

what is soft engineering

A

use environmentally friendly methods to protect the coast

46
Q

what are examples of hard engineering

A

sea walls, rock amour, groynes, gabions

47
Q

what are examples of soft engineering

A

beach nourishment, dune regeneration, dune fencing

48
Q

define the watershed

A

the boundary of drainage basin separating one drainage basin from another and is usually in high land or hills

49
Q

define the source

A

the starting point of a stream or river often a spring or lake

50
Q

define the mouth

A

the point where a river leaves its drainage basin and flows into the sea

51
Q

define the confluence

A

the point where two streams or rivers meet

52
Q

tributary

A

a stream or small river that joins a larger stream or river

53
Q

what are the three processes that occur in rivers

A

river errosion, transportation, weathering

54
Q

what are the four types of river erosion

A

hydraulic action, abrasion, solution, attrition

55
Q

what are the four types of river transportation

A

traction
saltation
suspension
solution

56
Q

what does river transportation lead to

A

deposition

57
Q

what are the three types of weathering and give a small piece of info about them

A

physical - freeze thaw
chemical - acid rain
biological - roots in plants

58
Q

what are the three landforms in the upper course of the river

A

waterfalls, gorges and interlocking spurs

59
Q

what are the two landforms in the middle course of the river

A

meanders and oxbow lakes

60
Q

what are the four landforms in the lower course of the river

A

floodplains, levees, estuaries, deltas

61
Q

what is the type of erosion in the upper, lower and middle course of the river

A

upper - vertical
middle - both
lower - lateral

62
Q

how are waterfalls created

A

cliff made from hard rock on top and soft rock below. an overhang is created from undercutting of soft rock, the overhang falls because of gravity creating plunge pools. the waterfall then retreats backwards

63
Q

how are interlocking spurs created

A

If there are areas of hard rock which are harder to erode, the river will bend around them

64
Q

what are meanders

A

a bend in the river

65
Q

how are meanders created

A

the fastest flow of water is on the outside of the river causing erosion on those specific areas causing the river to retreat. the slower pathway of water also deposits its load causing the river to never get wider

66
Q

what are floodplains used for and why

A

usually grazing as a lot of nutrience is deposited when the areas flood. not used for housing as it will flood

67
Q

how are oxbow lakes created

A

the neck between a meander will erode until eventually they join changing the flow of water as it takes the quickest route (not around the loop). deposition occurs where the meander once was causing a seal between oxbow and meander.

67
Q

what are floodplains

A

the area either side of a river that floods

68
Q

what are levees

A

manmade or natural banks on the side of a river

69
Q

how are natural levees formed

A

when a river floods its load will be deposited on the edge of its bank as water goes back into river or soil and therefore load will being to build up over time

70
Q

what are estuaries

A

tidal part of the river (where the river meets the sea)

71
Q

how does the geology of an area influence the direction of the river (use river severn as an example)

A

rivers will always try and find the quickest pathway to the sea, through softer tock as it is easier to erode and make a pathway through. the river severn cannot make it through the hard rock and mountains in wales and therefore travels into england where there is softer rock such as clay

72
Q

how does the climate of an area influence rivers

A

the hotter it is the more water that will evaporate
the hotter it is the more mountain snow melts meaning there is more water in rivers causing more floods

73
Q

what does the Bradshaw model show

A

changes in the long profile of a river from the source to the mouth

74
Q

define the width and depth of a river and how these change from the source to the mouth

A

w - the distance from one bank to another
- gets wider as changes from source to mouth
D - the distance from the surface of the water to the river bed
- gets deeper as changes from source to mouth

75
Q

define the velocity and discharge of a river and how these change from the source to the mouth

A

V - how fast the water is flowing
gets faster from source to mouth
D - the volume and speed at which water travels through the river channel
increases from source to mouth

76
Q

define the gradient and channel roughness and how this changes from source to mouth

A

G - the steepness of river bed
decreases from source to mouth
CR - how rough the river beds banks are
becomes smoother from source to mouth

77
Q

define sediment size and shape and how this changes from source to mouth

A

the material carried by the river
becomes smaller from source to mouth

78
Q

what is a hydrograph and what are the two different graphs interpretated in them

A

a way of showing how a river responds to a rainfall event
bar graph = rainfall
line graph - river discharge

79
Q

what does peak rainfall, rising limb, peak discharge and falling limb mean

A

peak rainfall - highest rainfall
rising limb - the rising water in river AFTER rainfall
peak discharge - most amount of water in a river
falling limb - the amount of water that decreases in a river

80
Q

what does base flow and lag time mean

A

base flow - normal flow of river
lag time - the difference between the time of heaviest rain and the point at which the river contains the most water

81
Q

what do we want the lag time to be and why

A

want it to be longer as it reduces floods

82
Q

what factors result in a steeper hydrograph

A

processes that cause faster and greater surface run off such as thin soil, impermeable rocks, a lot of urban areas with concrete roads, little vegetation

83
Q

what factors result in a flatter hydrograph

A

process that cause slower and less surface run off such thick soil with a lot of air pockets, permeable rock, woodland areas and a lot of vegetation

84
Q

what does antecedent conditions mean

A

conditions before something such as a storm happens

85
Q

give three human and three physical activities and features that may alter flood hydrographs

A

human - deforestation/ afforestation, urbanisation and agriculture/ irrigating crops

physical - impermeable/ permeable rocks, relief of the land, the size and height of drainage basin, seasons and weather

86
Q

give a list of social, economic and environmental impacts of flooding

A

social
- death, injury, disease
- people without power
- loosing homes or damaged property
economic
- business lost
- tourism lost
loss of jobs
environmental
- animals killed ( biodiversity lost)
- habitats lost

87
Q

give three reasons why floods are ever increasing in the uk

A
  • increasing population, having to build on floodplains and therefore more people at risk or property flooding
  • changes to land use, urban development creates more impermeable surfaces meaning there is more surface run off
  • changes to weather patterns, warmer climate is causing more extreme weather
88
Q

where was the flood that occurred in the uk that you have studied

A

the river Severn in Wales that flows into west England in July 2007. the flood mainly effected Gloucester and Tewksbury

89
Q

what tributaries meet the river Severn near Tewksbury

A

the river Avon

90
Q

why was Tewksbury at high risk during the floods

A

located on a floodplain and has flooded in the past, surrounded by two huge rivers therefore the confluence was in Tewksbury

91
Q

what were the three causes of the flooding in the UK in 2007

A

high rainfall - the average rainfall was double normal amounts, 20th July 140mm fell. it was caused by a strong get stream
urban land use - a lot of towns and cities, flash floods caused overwhelmed drainage systems.
confluence of the two rivers

92
Q

what were some effects of the floods in 2007 in the Uk because of the river Severn

A

flood water was contaminating drinking water, businesses were closed, the soil was to saturated so there was immediate run off, evacuating prisons, loosing agriculture, river was still rising after 48 hours of no rain, local farmland lost, animal habitats

93
Q

what were some responses to the 2007 floods in the UK

A

army sent to help evacuate people, using boats and helicopters to evacuate people

94
Q

how many homes were affected in the 2007 floods and how much damage cost per house

A

48000 houses and between £20000 and £30000

95
Q

how much did the floods in 2007 cost the British economy

A

£3.2 billion

96
Q

what is the environmental agency

A

they are responsible for deciding where flood defences are and what is used

97
Q

what is the themes barrier

A

a method of hard engineering thats been operating since 1982

98
Q

how does the themes barrier work

A

when the gates are open they are level with the river bed when closed they rise to form a metal barrier

99
Q

why does the themes barrier open and close

A

open and close to allow river water and boats to go through

100
Q

what are the four types of hard engineering and three types of soft engineering

A

embankments (levees), flood walls, demountable flood barriers, flood barriers

flood plane retention, river restoration, afforestation

101
Q

what are embankments and positives and negatives

A

high banks built on river banks
- cheap, stop flooding
- can burst under pressure, water may go over top

102
Q

what are floodwalls and positives and negatives

A

artificial barriers used to raise the height of bank
-prevent flooding in housing
- expensive, ruin view of river

103
Q

what are demountable flood barriers

A

temporary structures that can be removed
- cheap, used where flood barrier would be ugly
- may not be installed in time

104
Q

what are flood barriers and positives and negatives

A

built near river mouth to prevent flooding behind
- able to protect large areas
- most expensive, need regular maintenance

105
Q

what are flood plane retentions and positives and negatives

A

strategies to maintain and restore rivers original floodplain
- cheap, allow river to slow down and recover natural settlement
- allow flooding of land may lead to change in land use

106
Q

what is river restoration and positives and negatives

A

using a variety of stratergies to restore rivers original course
- cheap, better for wildlife
- changes land use

107
Q

what is afforestation, positives and negatives

A

replanting trees
- cheap, environmentally friendly, absorb water

geography two (2 decks)

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