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The Tudors Flashcards

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1
Q

4 causes of Tudor rebellions

A
  • political
  • religious
  • economic
  • social
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2
Q

Subdivisions of political causes of rebellions

A
  • dynastic - overthrow, succession
  • gov policy - regionalism, centralism, influence of London
  • factions
  • evil counsellors (war of monarch, personal ambition etc)
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3
Q

Religious causes in general

A
  • Catholic reaction to reformation (POG)
  • Protestant fears of counter-reformation
  • Protestantism moving too slow
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4
Q

Social/economic causes in general

A
  • enclosure
  • tax
  • landlord vs. Tenant
  • poverty/famine
  • inflation
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5
Q

Lovel and Stafford rebellion causes 1486

A

•dynastic (overthrowal) -
Had been yorkist supporters and saw Henry as a usurper
•factions - yorkist vs Lancaster

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6
Q

Simnel rebellion causes 1487

A
  • dynastic, overthrowal - de la pole using simnel as a puppet wanted to overthrow Henry, as did some foreign support including Margaret of burgundy and some Irish nobles including Kildare
  • factions - yorkist vs Lancaster
  • social - personal ambition, unsatisfied w position as l.lieutenant of Ireland
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7
Q

Warbeck rebellion causes 1491-97

A

•overthrowal - warbeck poses as duke of York. Wants to overthrow Henry, as does much of the foreign support

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8
Q

Pilgrimage of grace 1536 causes

A
  • religion - wanted reassurance that England was still catholic after Henry’s break from Catholic Church. Rebels at Louth and hot castle requested their parishes not be closed down. Henry drew up act of ten articles to reassure rebels. Rebels carried banner of five wounds of Christ
  • succession - rebels wanted reassurance Mary was still in line of succession
  • evil counsellors - Cromwell, Cranmer and Riche seen as evil due to their having ear of king. Evident in some of pontifract articles demanding their removal
  • factions - aragonise vs boleynites (eg dymoke and lord hussey aragonise)
  • centralisation - wanted to resolve northern issues. Complaints of council being run by southerners
  • tax - feared new tax on sheep and cattle
  • enclosure - act 13 of pontifract articles commented of enclosure. Riots in giggleswick and Cumberland against earl of Cumberland, a landlord
  • social - asks argued closing of monasteries would result in hardship for poor eg cartmel priery.
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9
Q

Northumberland’s coup causes

A

•

•succession - as a result of edward’s devise which excluded his sisters from line of succession

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10
Q

Wyatt’s rebellion causes 1554

A
  • factions - Spanish faction vs English faction
  • religion - feared Spanish (Roman catholic) influence. Feared offspring would be catholic and return the country to Catholicism.
  • evil counsellors - saw Mary’s privy counsel as evil for supporting the marriage
  • succession - feared line of succession after Mary’s marriage to Philip
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11
Q

Northern earls’ causes 1569

A
  • succession - as Elizabeth was childless, rebels wanted assurance that Mary, queen of Scots would succeed. Claimed overthrowal was not intent
  • evil counsellors - considered William Cecil evil
  • political/social ambition - Westmorland and Northumberland has lost influence at court. Northumberland has lost middle March to lord hunsdon
  • regionalism - wanted a reformed council of the north
  • religion - banner of five wounds of Christ carried. Westmoreland and Northumberland were catholic as were many families who supported the rebellion such as the Nortons. Earl of Sussex felt that religion was a smokescreen for the political.
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12
Q

Essex rebellion causes

A
  • succession - wanted James in line of succession (arguably succeeded)
  • factions - Essex’s faction inc Bedford, Rutland and Southampton against Robert Cecil’s faction
  • evil counsellors - hated Robert Cecil
  • social - had lost his monopoly on sweet wine and had lost influence after failure on Tyrone’s rebellion
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13
Q

Cornish rebellion causes 1497

A
  • tax - rebels refused extra war tax against Scotland
  • evil counsellors - Morton and brey seen as evil advisors (introduction of Morton’s fork)
  • centralisation - resented cultural imposition of London
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14
Q

Amicable grant 1525 causes

A
  • tax - objections to extra war tax against France ( laity would pay tax up as high as 16.5%)
  • evil counsellors - Wolsey seen as evil advisor ‘alter rex’, causes many to sympathise with rebels such as lord lisle
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15
Q

Western rebellion causes 1549

A
  • religion - banner of five wounds of Christ carried. 13 of 14 articles drawn up by rebels wanted restoration. Rejected English prayer book as they New it wasn’t Latin. Wanted return to act of six articles (1539). Evident in anger towards priests such as Robert welsh
  • government intervention - resented imposition of new English prayer book and there was a cultural concern also. •regionalism - the stannery has been challenged by London
  • tax - subsidy act of 1549 by duke of Somerset hit poorest people
  • social - resentment towards gentry. Concern over how much church land gentry were buying. Evident in chant of “kill the gentlemen”
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16
Q

Yorkshire tax rebellion 1489 causes

A
  • tax - rebels did not want to pay extra war tax against France
  • government intervention (political) - saw the government as an attempt to expand its powers
  • factions - yorkist vs Lancaster. Sir John egremont who led the rebellion was a yorkist
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17
Q

Kildare rebellion causes 1534

A
  • social/personal ambition - Cromwell showing favour to butler family, rivals of kildare’s, thus taking their power.
  • governent interference - Ireland resented imposition of London. Kildare raised 1000 troops and invaded the pale
  • religious - takes issue in that taxes went to England not Rome
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18
Q

O’neill rebellion causes 1558-1567

A
  • personal/social ambition - O’Neil’s ambition dominated rebellion
  • religion - return to one true faith
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19
Q

Fitzgerald rebellions causes 1569 + 1579

A
  • government interference - resented Elizabeth’s attempts to colonise Ireland w English Protestants and plantations.
  • religion - return to one true faith. Protestant church established at expense of catholics.
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20
Q

Tyrone’s rebellion causes 1595

A
  • political, government interference - expel English settlers and Anglo-Irish administration. Desire of Gaelic lords to prevent English law. Achieve home rule. -personal ambition, felt he had not been rewarded enough and after helping Englishmen garrisons against other Irish clans. Camden believe Tyrone was working with Spanish since armada
  • religion - return to one true faith. Elizabeth implementing Protestants over catholics
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21
Q

Kett’s rebellion 1549 causes

A
  • enclosure - rivalry of landlords Kett and flowerdew. Resulted in riots in norfolk turning into a rebellion
  • religion - due to slowness of Protestantism. Evident in anger towards bishop of Norwich
  • social - over half the demands focused on enclosure, rents and landlords. Kett’s request for bond men to be made free. Resentment towards gentry ( ll vs. Tenant )
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22
Q

Commotions 1549 causes

A

•enclosure - in somerset

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23
Q

Oxfordshire rebellion 1596 causes

A
  • enclosure - common lands enclosed leading to food riots. Enclosures in Hampton resulted in 4 men intending to march to London but there was no support
  • famine - poor harvests leading up to rebellion
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24
Q

8 natures of Tudor rebellions. Questions include ‘how threatening/why were some successful’

A
  • objective
  • duration
  • location
  • leadership
  • strategy/tactic
  • organisation
  • size/support
  • frequency
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25
Q

Lovel and Stafford 1486 nature

A

•objective - dynastic/overthrowal, threatening.
•duration - short, dealt with quickly perhaps due to being first rebellion under Henry
•leadership - lovel and Stafford,
Nobles (nobles tended to be leaders of rebellions under Henry vii)
•tactic - military?
•organisation - poor, no plan for succession

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26
Q

Simnel rebellion 1487 nature

A
  • objective - dynastic/overthrowal, replace with simnel. Threatening
  • duration - moderate, 2 months
  • location - de la pole lord lieutenant of Ireland. Ireland provides soldiers that land in Lancashire
  • leadership - de la pole
  • tactic - military confrontation, invaded through Lancashire. Defeated at east stoke
  • organisation - moderate, impact of foreign german and Irish troops caused English not to be receptive
  • size/support - support of Margaret of burgundy, Ireland and German mercenaries
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27
Q

Warbeck 1491-97 nature

A

•objective - overthrowal
•duration - long,
6 years
•location - Ireland used as a base to launch, not threatening. Reached Kent but fled to France after seeing Henry
•leadership - warbeck
•tactic - military confrontation, invasion through Kent
•organisation - gathers support of foreign powers, but falters towards the end
•size/support - had initial support of Ireland, France, Scotland and Holy Roman Empire

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28
Q

Northumberland’s coup 1553 nature

A
  • objective - overthrowal of Mary in favour of lady Jane grey
  • duration - moderate, 2 months
  • location - London, threatening as had control of capitol whilst Mary moved from Norfolk
  • leadership - nobles, Northumberland. Supposed to be helped by duke of Suffolk
  • size/support - support of nobles such as earl of oxford. No foreign support
29
Q

Wyatt rebellion nature

A
  • objective - dynastic, would have needed to overthrow Mary to succeed, but never officially intended to. Wanted Elizabeth -changing government policy, stop Mary’s marriage policy - evil counsellors, Mary’s proxy council
  • duration - short, around a week
  • location - London, threatening, as is evident from swiftness it was dealt with
  • leadership - wyatt, a knight
  • tactic - military confrontation, raised army, which Mary had to counter. He delayed, which allowed Mary time
  • size/support - relatively small, 3,000. No foreign support
30
Q

Northern earls 1569 nature

A
  • objective -dynastic. Wanted Mary Stuart in line of succession, but would have needed to overthrow Elizabeth to succeed, but never officially intended to. - changing gov policy, sought religious and political change (5 banners Christ) - evil counsellors, against William Cecil
  • duration - moderate, 2 months
  • location - north
  • leadership - nobles, earls. (Westmoreland, Northumberland)
  • tactic - intended to confront with military
  • organisation - poor, Northumberland has insufficient resources and Mary Stuart had been moved without his knowledge. His soldiers deserted after he could not find them
  • size - relatively small, 6,000. No foreign support
31
Q

Essex rebellion 1601 nature

A
  • objective - dynastic. Wanted James in line of succession, but would realistically have needed to overthrow Elizabeth to succeed. - evil counsellors, against Robert Cecil
  • duration - short, days
  • location - London
  • leadership - nobles, Essex
  • tactic - military?
  • organisation - poor. Had advertised that he was going to rebel
  • size - small, 300. Support of nobles such as rubland
32
Q

3 targets of objectives in nature

A
  • dynastic/factions
  • change in government policy (grievance)
  • removal of evil counsellors
33
Q

Yorkshire rebellion 1489 nature

A
  • objective - government policy, protesting extra war tax against France
  • duration - short, 3 weeks
  • tactic - violent intimidation, killed earl of Northumberland
34
Q

Amicable grant 1513-25 nature

A
  • objective - change government policy, protesting extra war tax against France.- evil counsellors, against Wolsey
  • duration - moderate, 4-5 months
  • location - London residents refused to pay
  • leadership - mayor of London, mostly commoners. Gained sympathy from nobles such as duke of Norfolk because of their hatred of Wolsey
35
Q

Pilgrimage of grace 1536 nature

A

•objective - government policy, directed at religious, social and economic change (protested reformation, closing of monasteries etc). - Dynastic, wanted Mary in line of
Succession. - evil counsellors, against Cromwell, Cranmer and riche (boleynites)
•duration - moderate, 2 months
•location - north
•leadership - threatening, transcended social class. (Nobles) lord darcy and hussey. (Gentlemen) dymoke and bowes. (Lawyer) Robert aske
•tactic - grievance/petition, pontifract articles - intimidation, threatened darcy and Neville to join.
•organisation - well organised. 30,000 rebels handled well. Recruits organised into companies with own captains who met daily. Recruits given badge, food and wages and swore an oath. Mostly disciplined.
•size - largest rebellion, 40,000 by time rebels met in pontifract. No foreign support. Support from all classes

36
Q

Kett’s rebellion 1549 nature

A

•objective - government policy, directed at religious, social and economic policy (slowness of Protestantism, enclosure,
Kerr and flowerdew in landlord vs tenant, kill the gentlemen)
•duration - moderate, 1-2 months
•location - east anglia, Norwich
•leadership - kett, gentlemen
•tactic - violent intimidation, imprisoned and humiliated gentry. Used gawdy as human shield at dusendale. -military, used at dusendale
•organisation - well organised, ran camp like local government. Courts imposed discipline and proclamations. Supplies paid and negotiated for.
•size - moderate, 16,000. Broad range of class support but no nobles

37
Q

Western rebellion nature

A
  • objective - changing government policy, religious change (return to act of 6 articles) - evil counsellors, against Somerset, the regent
  • duration - moderate, 3 months
  • location - south west, Cornwall/Devon. Marched on Exeter as opposed to London, making it less of a threat
  • leadership - mayor of Bodmin (bray), Knight (arandal) and gentlemen. Lack of nobles. Clergyman Robert welsh. Support from range of classes but not nobles
  • tactic - grievance - intimidation, kidnapped local gentry, arrested sheriff of Devon. Besieged Exeter
  • organisation - relatively poor, Cornish and devonians could not work together, neither could different social classes. Besieged Exeter instead of London, wasting time
38
Q

Kildare rebellion 1534 nature

A
  • objective - changing government policy, protested taxes going to England not Rome, influence of London etc
  • duration - long, 1 year. Irish rebellions tended to be long
  • location - Ireland
  • leadership - nobles, earl of Kildare
  • tactics - guerrilla
  • size/support - Irish rebellions were small. Potential foreign support of Spain and France
39
Q

Tyrone rebellion 1595 nature

A
  • objective - changing government policy, reverse centralisation of London, home rule, religious change(return to one true faith)
  • duration - long, 9 years. Indicative of both difficulty and lack of threat
  • location - Ireland, becomes more threatening when London is threatened when allied with Spanish
  • leadership - Tyrone, nobles, earls
  • tactic - guerrilla, why it lasted so long. -military, evident in battle of yellow ford
  • organisation - good. Manages to unite almost all of Ireland despite clan rivalries and allies with Spain
  • size/support - largest Irish rebellion, though still small at 6,000. Support of Spain
40
Q

Cornish rebellion 1497 nature

A
  • objective - change in gov policy, against extra war tax in Scotland. - evil counsellors, against Morton and brey
  • duration - lasted 5 months, moderate
  • location - Cornwall, becomes more threatening once rebels move to black Heath, within 20 miles of London
  • leadership - lord audley gentleman Flamanck and blacksmith Michael Joseph. Support from range of classes
  • tactic - grievance, less threatening. Though military tactic evident in defeat at black Heath
  • organisation - moderate, able to reach London fairly easily but many return home in time for harvest before end of rebellion
  • size - moderate, 15,000 marched on London
41
Q

Oxfordshire rebellion 1596

A
  • objective - change in gov policy, against enclosure
  • duration - short, matter of days
  • location - Oxfordshire
  • leadership - commoners such as steer
  • tactic - ?
  • organisation - very poor and indiscreet. Elizabeth’s spies able to easily infiltrate and prevent
  • size/support - tiny, no foreign or noble support
42
Q

4 nature locations

A
  • north - home to yorkist supporters. Not too threatening
  • south west - moderate threat, less so than east anglia
  • east anglia - most threatening, threat to London
  • Ireland - least threatening
43
Q

Leaders in nature

A
  • royal claimants (mostly under Henry vii)
  • nobles (mostly beginnin and middle)
  • lawyers
  • clergy
  • gentlemen
  • commoners
44
Q

Strategy and tactics in nature

A
  • military confrontation - threat to monarch
  • petitions/grievance (popular support) - not threatening to monarch
  • violent intimidation - moderate threat
  • guerrilla war date (Ireland) - moderate threat. This is why Irish rebellions, along with location, tended to last so long
45
Q

Frequencies of rebellions in nature

A
  • Henry vii faced 5 rebellions I’m first half of reign because he was new and remnants of yorkists
  • frequency increases after pog because religion becomes an issue
  • Irish rebellions became more frequent later because they resented influence f English plantations and Protestants

•frequency declined because courts now dealt with issues, Elizabeth created tolerance and via media, and social-economic issues were generally improving

46
Q

How did Tudor govs deal with rebellions?

A
  • consult advisors
  • gathering information - spies
  • role of nobility
  • buying time
  • propaganda - preemptive measures
  • raising troops
  • fate of rebels
47
Q

Consulting advisors in dealing effectively with rebellions

A
  • Henry vii met with his nobles (100-200 inc oxford and Surrey) in lieu of simnel. The advice he received to set up at kenilworth proved useful as he defeats rebels at east stoke
  • Henry viii left work of rebels to Wolsey and Cromwell
  • criticism of Edward’s regent Somerset is that he did not consult with privy council, which results in unsuccessful approach to western rebellion
  • Mary received bad advice from gardiner during wyatt’s rebellion but she ignored him
  • Elizabeth was helped by no more than 10 in her inner circle and her chief advisors were William/Robert Cecil and walsingham, who were effective
48
Q

Gathering information / advisors in dealing with Tudor rebellions

A

•in western rebellion Somerset ordered jps to consult with rebels unaware that 3 had already tried. Also didn’t know that many of the gentry had sided with the rebels or that they were besieging Exeter

49
Q

Gathering information/SPIES in dealing effectively with Tudor rebellions

A
  • Henry vii able to track rebels such as lovel and Stafford to culham church. Clifford also gave information concerning warbeck (William Stanley)
  • Mary able to capture courteney during wyatt’s rebellion. He is tortured and gives up the names of his fellow conspirators
  • Elizabeth relied heavily on walsingham who thwarted Oxfordshire rebellion that was so poorly organised and the babington plot (Gilbert Gifford was an agent)
50
Q

Role of nobility in dealing effectively with rebellions

A
  • daubeney used against simnel and the Cornish (as was Oxford)
  • Suffolk and Norfolk raised army and destroyed bridges during amicable grant
  • Norfolk and Suffolk called upon again in pog after lord hussey joins rebels
  • inefficiency during western rebellion. Somerset is incapable, as was Russel, though he eventually did defeat rebels. Carew also failed in peace talks
  • earl of Warwick deals with kett’s at dusendale after failure of lord lieutenant of Norfolk
  • Elizabeth’s privy council warned her of Oxfordshire rebellion and she was able to suppress it, as was Essex’s rebellion. Privy council convinced mayor of London to be defensive. Essex though was a noble. Mountjoy able to suppress Tyrone’s rebellion with 13,000 troops after Essex initially failed
51
Q

Buying time in dealing effectively with Tudor rebellions

A
  • Henry vii, dates reign day before battle of bossier has deterrent. Anointed with holy oil from Rome. Rebels at Black Heath and east stoke threatened with excommunication. Parsons offered at stoke and black Heath and dusendale which reduced number. Rebels in wyatt’s given chance to return home.
  • Wolsey tactics such as threatening lord lisle with execution if he failed to collect tax failed in amicable grant an cause lisle to be sympathetic to rebels. Suffolk and Norfolk bought time by destroying bridges m, halting the rebels’ advance
  • negotiation with rebels in pilgrimage of grace bought time under Norfolk, who met with rebels and succeeded in preventing advance. Later, Henry promises a parliament will resolve grievances of pontifract articles, which ends the rebellion.
  • in western rebellion Somerset’s offering of parsons and issuing of proclamations is ineffective
  • in northern earls rebellion, Elizabeth moves Mary Stuart to a different location in Coventry, buying time
52
Q

Propaganda in dealing effectively with Tudor rebellions

A

•government pushed propaganda against rebels in western rebellion. Religious attitudes were attacked and speeches and sermons had limited success

53
Q

Preemptive measures in dealing effectively with Tudor rebellions

A
  • Henry vii issued papal bull threatening rebels with excommunication before east stoke and black Heath, which reduced numbers. He also married Elizabeth of York, which linked Edwardian yorkists to him. William Stanley executed after discovering he would support warbeck
  • Mary’s interrogation of courteney resulted in wyatt’s rebellion being much smaller as he gave up names of conspirators
  • Elizabeth moved Mary Stuart to Coventry before northern earls. She also created Anglican Church and via media to suppress religious contempt, which worked in England but not Ireland
54
Q

Raising troops in dealing effectively with rebellions

A
  • monarchs prefer to avoid. Monarch has no standing army. Legality of raising troops questioned by bastard feudalism. Very slow process
  • in Cornish rebellion, oxford recalled some of the army from Scotland and defeated rebels at Black Heath
  • in pilgrimage of grace Huntingdon doesn’t muster troops and the rebellion is able to advance and carry on. Shrewsbury and Norfolk prevent advancement of rebels later
  • earl of Warwick able to raise troops (7,500) to defeat rebels in kett’s at dusendale
  • rebels able to reach London during wyatt’s rebellion because Mary did not raise troops. She uses the London mob to turn of wyatt
  • Elizabeth raises an excessive force of 22,000 under Sussex, hunsdon and Clinton which defeated the northern earls rebellion and forced them to flee. Mountjoy also defeats rebels in Tyrone’s rebellion after mustering of 13,000 after Essex’s initial failure
55
Q

Fate of rebels in dealing effectively with rebellions

A
  • Henry vii fined Cornwall £14,000 after Cornish rebellion, effective as no rebellions there until western in 1549
  • Henry viii executes darcy and hussey after pog as well as about 100 rebels. Effective in that no more rebellions in north until northern earls, which itself was very limited
  • Mary’s leniency I’m only executing 70 rebels after n coup effective in that there were no predominantly religious based rebellions after
  • Elizabeth executed 450 in northern earls rebellion as well as Oxfordshire, effective in no more rebellions in these regions, and very few in her reign overall in England. However Elizabeth’s brutality in Ireland fails, as is evident from Tyrone’s rebellion, as well as fitzgerald
56
Q

To what extent were rebellions a success?/dealing effectively

A

•most evil counsellors kept their positions (Morton, Cromwell, Cranmer, William/Robert Cecil)
•Henry vii did not collect tax after Yorkshire and Cornish rebellions.
•6 articles as a result of pog reassuring that England was catholic, as well as progressing to north with Mary. Henry did not collect tax after amicable grant. Went reformed council of north after pog, installing tunstall as president. Bowes and ellerker were also installed, and they had been rebels. Indicative of success of pog. No disloyalty in north again until n earls
•Edward does not force English prayer book after western rebellion. Enclosure act restricted rights of landlords in response to rebellions
•Mary did marry Philip of Spain despite concerns
•Elizabeth like her father installed southerner lord Huntingdon as president of council of north, and he passed laws removing illegal enclosure and assisting the poor
•in Ireland, Henry responded to kildare by placing Englishmen in place of
Irishmen, which caused trouble under Elizabeth. Tyrone cost Elizabeth £2 mil,
Indicative of a partial success

57
Q

Foreign policy in dealing effectively with rebellions

A
  • warbeck strained Henry’s relationship with France, Scotland and Holy Roman Empire
  • amicable grant prevented Henry’s war with France
  • anti Spanish sentiment resulted in Elizabeth warring with them
  • foreign policy distracts from domestic policy
58
Q

How did Tudor govs maintain stability?

A
  • local government - justices of the peace, sheriffs, lord lieutenants
  • propaganda - battlefield, progresses, imagery
  • marriages
  • church - high church officials, low church officials, homily of obedience etc
  • parliament
  • royal councils - privy council, council of the north, council of Ireland, stannery
  • legal system
  • nobility
  • economic policy
  • social reform
  • situation in Ireland
59
Q

Local governments in terms of maintaining stability

A
  • sheriffs more at beginning and end not middle, with Henry Percy acting as high sheriff in Northumberland under Henry vii, and Thomas smythe quashing Essex in his rebellion at the end. Sheriffs initially had responsibilities such as mustering troops and acting as judges. Red position gave way to lord lieutenants and jps. Dymoke causes instability in pog by joining rebels
  • lord lieutenants reinstates by Northumberland under Edward, but assisted Mary in Northumberland’s coup. Elizabeth also uses LLs in her reign to deal with recuscants and oversee grain distribution and muster and train militia. With the militia act of 1572, the monarchy was no longer dependent upon nobles for support
  • jps post used as a reward to loyal members of gentry. Had such responsibilities as appointing judges and overseeing sheriffs
60
Q

Propaganda in maintaining stability

A
  • battlefield - Henry vii crushes enemies at bosworth and stoke, Mary marches to oust Jane grey, Elizabeth rallies troops at tilbury docks
  • progresses - Henry vii progresses to north in 1486, no rebellions in north after. Henry viii progresses to north after pog to reassure of Mary. Elizabeth progresses constantly around the south, effectiveness in very few rebellions in England, not so in Ireland to her detriment.
  • imagery/ceremony - Henry vii claimed descent from King Arthur, Henry viii’s son’s wedding and funeral, Elizabeth’s angel portrait and Gloriana
  • patronage - Henry vii put Surrey on council of north and kept Morton I high position. Elizabeth rewarded the Cecils, walsingham and Essex
61
Q

Marriages in maintaining stability

A
  • Henry vii marriage to liz of York maintains stability to unite houses of York and Lancaster
  • Henry viii and Mary cause instability in their marriages o Anne Boleyn and Philip resulting in pog and wyatt’s rebellion
  • Elizabeth’s decision not to marry causes succession crisis such as n earls and banington. Or, maintained stability as she caused no dissent by marriage
62
Q

The church in maintaining stability

A
  • Henry vii - used holy oil at coronation. Archbishop Morton was also lord chancellor (seen as evil in Cornish rebellion)
  • Henry viii - used church officials such as Wolsey as Secretary of State and tunstall as prez of council or north. Wolsey called alter res and caused instability eg amicable grant. Use of church officials as gov officials largely fell out of use after Henry viii. Causes instability during reformation and pog.
  • Edward vi - Cranmer wrote homily of obedience which were repeated and preached in church
  • in a local level bishops would inform privy council of unrest
  • Elizabeth - maintained stability through church by via media m, act of supremacy and act of uniformity and creation of Anglican Church. Reduced religion as cause of rebellion
63
Q

Parliament in maintaining stability

A
  • became more prominent towards end of reign, so nobles less likely to rebel as they could present grievances to parliament
  • Henry vii used parliament for statute against retaining and star hammer act
  • Henry viii used parliament to enact religious reform
  • Elizabeth continued this and used parliament to issue proclamation punishing anyone who agreed with her excommunication. Parliament also pushed for Elizabethan poor law
64
Q

Royal councils in maintaining stability

A
  • privy council - Henry vii’s was large including such men as Morton and bray who advised correctly in Cornish rebellion. Elizabeth uses privy council with men such as the Cecils and walsingham to maintain stability
  • council of the north - Henry vii places Surrey as president in response to Yorkshire tax. Effective in lack of rebellion. Henry viii continues placing southerners as president with tunstall as response to pog. No rebellions again under Henry viii in north. Huntingdon same under Elizabeth
  • council of Ireland - not effective in maintaining stability as London and privy council reduced importance. Evident in abundance of rebellions in Ireland
65
Q

Legal system in maintaining stability

A
  • Henry vii made use of Star chamber and litigation of court increased as was council of north
  • parliament uses as legal mechanism such as martial law in pilgrimage of grace
  • Elizabeth used legality to make rumour mongering a capital offence
  • definition of treason was broadened, eg Mary included criticisms of her marriage and Elizabeth included anyone with papal objects
66
Q

The nobility in maintaining stability

A
  • nobles initially led rebellions. De la pole in simnel’s rebellion and lovel and Stafford during Henry vii, however oxford did help Henry during Cornish rebellion and simnel’s
  • darcy and hussey led rebels in pog but Norfolk and Suffolk helped maintain
  • wyatt and Northumberland caused instability during Mary
  • Essex, and westmoreland and Northumberland caused instability during Elizabeth’s reign in Essex and n earls rebellion. Mountjoy maintained in Tyrone’s
  • nobles used as key members of privy council
67
Q

Economic policy in maintaining stability

A
  • privy council acted against illegal enclosure after pilgrimage of grace
  • act of artifices in 1563 introduced by Elizabeth to keep apprentices for 7 years
68
Q

Social reform in maintaining stability

A
  • Henry viii differentiated between impotent and idle poor

* Elizabeth introduced poor law in 1601 which was first active relief for the poor.

69
Q

Stability in Ireland

A
  • methods in England rarely worked in Ireland. Only pale was under full English control. Neglect mostly maintained stability until..
  • Henry viii begins interfering after Kildare rebellion. He places Englishmen in Ireland, this setting stage for problems under Elizabeth
  • Elizabeth attempted to place Protestant plantations over catholic land. Her brutality also only strengthened to Irish. Resulted in Tyrone’s rebellion, the most serious of all Irish rebellions

History A2 (3 decks)

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