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PSYCH 333 > The Trait Approach > Flashcards

The Trait Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a trait?

A

personality characteristic describing/determining behaviour across many situations

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2
Q

What 2 types of psychology are at play when it comes to the person-situation debate?

A

social vs. personality psychology

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3
Q

What is situationism?

A

situation drives behaviour and personality is unimportant

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4
Q

What are the 3 core arguments for situationism?

A
  1. predictability
  2. situationism
  3. erroneous perceptions
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5
Q

Predictability:
How did Mischel, a psychologist, view correlations between personality and behaviour?

A

rarely exceeds 0.30

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6
Q

Predictability:
Another psychologist, after Mischel, revised the correlation between personality and behaviour to what value?

A

0.4

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7
Q

Predictability:
What does Funder propose to be crucial counterpoints to the arguments that Mischel made?

A
  1. unfair lit review
  2. can do better
  3. 0.4 is not small at all
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8
Q

Predictability:
In the study conducted by Funder and Ozar, when they reviewed classical social psychology what conclusions did they come across?

A
  • same effects as Nisbett’s assessment of personality
  • wide review = r = 0.21 (small correlation)
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9
Q

What is key idea within the erroneous perceptions theory?

A
  • people act differently in same situation
  • there are 1000 words to describe personality
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10
Q

Erroneous perceptions:
What is absolute versus. relative consistency?

A

relative: people act same in same situation
absolute: how similar is everyone’s behaviour across different situations?

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11
Q

What is the main idea of interactionism?

A

personality + situation = behaviour

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12
Q

What are the 3 ways that people and the situation can interact with each other?

A
  1. effect of personality depends on situation (vice versa)
  2. situations are not randomly populated (people go to a place for a reason)
  3. people change situations (ex. life of the party)
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13
Q

What is the trait perspective?

A

individual differences in personality and behaviour

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14
Q

What are the 3 core aspects of the trait perspective?

A
  1. describe + predict
  2. empirical research = correlational designs mainly
  3. focus is on individual differences
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15
Q

What are 3 strengths of the trait perspective?

A
  1. basic (parsimonious)
  2. long history
  3. predictive
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16
Q

What are 2 limitations of the trait perspective?

A
  1. we don’t know why or how a person behaves, just that they do
  2. tautological reasoning may happen
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17
Q

What are the 4 different approaches that researchers use to connect traits to behaviours?

A
  1. single-trait
  2. many-trait
  3. essential trait
  4. typological
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18
Q

What type of question would one ask if they were to take on the single-trait approach?

A

What do people like that do?

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19
Q

What type of question would one ask if they were to take on the many-trait approach?

A

Who does that?

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20
Q

What type of question would one ask if they were to take on the essential -trait approach?

A

Which traits are most important?

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21
Q

What type of question would one ask if they were to take on the typological approach?

A

Which type are you?

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22
Q

If a researcher were to ask, “what are the things that lead into narcissism?” what type of approach within the trait perspective would they be implementing?

A

the single-trait approach

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23
Q

What is the single-trait approach?

A

focus is on 1 trait of interest and learning all about the related behaviour, life consequences, and developmental antecedents

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24
Q

What type of approach do self-monitoring and narcissism use?

A

single-trait approach

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25
Q

Which term describes the following? => personality trait that revolves around sensitivity to social context and the ability of a person to adapt to it

A

self-monitoring

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26
Q

Which type of self-monitors are easier to predict?

A

low

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27
Q

What is the many-trait approach?

A

many different traits are looked at in order to explain the basis of 1 behaviour

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28
Q

When looking at political orientation, what type of approach would that be implementing?

A

many-trait approach

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29
Q

Political Orientation:
There are several social and interpersonal behaviours that can predict our political orientation and some argue that this trait is rooted in?

A

an attempt to lessen fear

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30
Q

T/F => children’s personality can predict adulthood political beliefs

A

T

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31
Q

What are some traits that influence our political behaviour?

A
  • authoritarianism
  • threat sensitivity
  • disgust sensitivity
  • intelligence
  • morality
32
Q

What is the essential trait approach?

A

research strategy that takes 1000s of traits and tries to narrow them down into whats actually important

33
Q

What are the names of the theoretical and empirical approaches that were used for the essential trait approach?

A

theoretical - eysenck’s 3 dimensions
empirical - cattell’s 16 factors

34
Q

“The Big Five” is an example of what type of trait approach?

A

the essential trait approach

35
Q

What are the 5 factors of the five-factor model?

A
  1. openness to experience
  2. conscientiousness
  3. extraversion
  4. agreeableness
  5. neuroticism
36
Q

The 5 factors in the five-factor model are known to be categorized under stability and plasticity, and are also…

A

orthogonal (independent of one another)

37
Q

What is the five-factor model rooted in?

A

language

38
Q

What is extraversion?

A

being sociable and outgoing

39
Q

What trait in the 5 factor model is also known as “emotional instability?”

A

neuroticism

40
Q

What is neuroticism?

A

not being able to deal with problems in life effectively and having stronger negative reactions to stressful events

41
Q

Which trait in the five-factor model is known for capturing a general tendency towards psychopathology?

A

neuroticism

42
Q

If a person obeys, conforms, is dutiful, rule-abiding and ambitious, what trait would they score high in? (5 trait model)

A

conscientiousness

43
Q

What is agreeableness?

A

being cooperative

44
Q

Which trait in the 5 trait model is able to predict many socially relevant outcomes?

A

agreeableness

45
Q

What is “openness to experience?”

A

being creative, imaginative, open-minded

46
Q

What is major drawback to the trait “openness to experience?”

A

can overclaim

47
Q

What is the biggest critique of the “Big Five?”

A

that personality can be defined with more than 5 traits

48
Q

What type of hypothesis and analysis developed the HEXACO approach?

A

lexical hypothesis and factor analysis

49
Q

What is the name of the hypothesis that argues that a groups main personality characteristics are encoded in language?

A

lexical hypothesis

50
Q

What are the 6 dimensions of personality in the HEXACO approach?

A

H- honesty-humility
E - emotionality
X - extraversion
A - agreeableness
C - conscientiousness
O - openness to experience

51
Q

What is the key difference between HEXACO and the Big Five?

A
  1. H added
  2. neuroticism = emotionality
  3. H is different from A and react differently to Dictator and Ultimatum games
52
Q

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is rooted in Jungian theory and is based on 4 personality dichotomies:

A
  1. Extroversion vs. Introversion
  2. Sensing vs. Intuition
  3. Thinking vs. Feeling
  4. Judgment vs. Perception
53
Q

Is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator a valid measure?

A

not really

54
Q

However, not all typologies are invalid. What research that has been done in the past indicates this?

A

Caspi (3 types in cross-cultural studies)
- well-adjusted
- maladjusted overcontrolling
- maladjusted undercontrolling

55
Q

What does The Dark Triad consist of?

A
  1. narcissism
  2. machiavellianism
  3. psychopathy
56
Q

What is narcissism in the dark triad?

A
  • high self-regard
  • extraverted and confident behaviour
57
Q

What is machiavellianism in the dark triad?

A
  • bad attitude towards human relationships
  • ends justify means, ruthless
58
Q

What is psychopathy in the dark triad?

A
  • untruthfulness
  • manipulativeness
  • callousness
  • no remorse or shame
  • impulsive and antisocial tendencies
59
Q

The Dark Triad has aspects that all lead negatively to agreeableness. What is the level of neuroticism that psychopathy predicts?

A

low

60
Q

The Dark Triad has aspects that all lead negatively to agreeableness. What is the level of conscientiousness that machivellianism and psychopathy predict?

A

low

61
Q

What is the association between psychopathy and physical aggression?

A

positive

62
Q

What is the association between narcissism and hostility?

A

negative

63
Q

What is the association between machivellianism and hostility?

A

postive

64
Q

What term describes the following: maintaining individual differences in behaviour/personality over time or across situations

A

rank-order consistency

65
Q

What is the numerical value that personality traits have ben found to correlate across 10 years?

A

0.60-0.90

66
Q

What is temperament?

A

“personality” of young, pre-verbal children

67
Q

What type of person-environment interaction is taking place when an aggressive person goes to a bar or when an introvert avoids social gatherings?

A

active person-environment transaction

68
Q

What type of person-environment interaction is taking place when extraverts find parties enjoyable and introverts find that same party unbearable?

A

reactive person-environment interaction

69
Q

What type of person-environment interaction is taking place when a conscientious person tells a group that its time to get back to work?

A

evocative person-environment behaviour

70
Q

What is the cumulative continuity principle?

A

personality is more stable as we grow older

71
Q

Cross-sectional studies show levels of personality traits changing throughout one’s life. What happens to the levels of extraversion?

A

decrease then level off

72
Q

Cross-sectional studies show levels of personality traits changing throughout one’s life. What concept does neuroticism interact with?

A

gender

73
Q

Cross-sectional studies show levels of personality traits changing throughout one’s life. What happens to the levels of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness?

A

increase

74
Q

What is the name of the principle that shows that traits associated with effective functioning increase with age?

A

the maturity principle

75
Q

What is a social clock?

A

expectation that we need to have certain goals done at a specific time

76
Q

Which term describes the story that one tellls oneself about who one is?

A

narrative identity

PSYCH 333 (2 decks)

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