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PSYCH 333 > The Biological Perspective > Flashcards

The Biological Perspective Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of a system does Behavioural Approach System (BAS) fall under?

A

Incentive Approach System

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2
Q

What is the Behavioural Approach System (BAS)?

A

reward-seeking system

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3
Q

What is the name of the system that is also called the “psychological gas pedal?”

A

behavioural approach system

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4
Q

Which part of the brain is activated when we are using the behavioural approach system?

A

left prefrontal cortex

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5
Q

Which part of the brain would be associated with extraversion, in relation to the behavioural approach system?

A

medial orbitofrontal cortex

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6
Q

What is the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)?

A

“stop”/punishment + threat avoidance

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7
Q

Which system is known as the “psychological brake pedal?”

A

behavioural inhibition system

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8
Q

Which part of the brain is mainly activated when one is engaging in the behavioural inhibition system?

A

right prefrontal cortex

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9
Q

What kind of behaviours would someone portray when engaging in BIS behaviour?

A
  • defensive (searching threat cues)
  • pulling back
  • neuroticism
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10
Q

What are the 2 hormones that may be related to BIS behaviour?

A

norepinephrine and GABA

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11
Q

True or False: Approach and Avoidance are known to be a part of the same system and overlap with the same traits

A

False - they’re separate systems + overlap with different traits

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12
Q

Which Big Five trait is avoidance directly related with?

A

neuroticism

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13
Q

Which Big Five trait is approach directly related with?

A

extraversion

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14
Q

What are some problems with the Biological Process perspective?

A
  1. fragmented/incomplete
  2. animal models can’t generalize
  3. multidetermined biological processes
  4. needs validation with non-biological testing
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15
Q

What are some advantages of the biological process perspective?

A
  1. new tech. = new answers
  2. biological processes are important in personality
  3. direct insight into treatments
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16
Q

Where is the amygdala located in the brain?

A

near base

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17
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

emotion (especially negative ones like anger and fear) and motivations

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18
Q

What are the 2 other parts of the brain that the amygdala is connected to?

A
  1. insula
  2. anterior cingulate
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19
Q

How is the frontal lobe divided?

A

left and right into 2 frontal lobes

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20
Q

What are the key features of the frontal cortex?

A
  • cognitive functioning:
  • planning
  • foresight
  • understanding
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21
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

outer layer of cortex
- uniquely human

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22
Q

In terms of the left and right lobe of the brain, which one is associated with withdrawal and which is associated with approach?

A

left: approach
right: withdrawal

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23
Q

What is probable cause of Capgras syndrome?

A

disconnection between amygdala and cortex

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24
Q

What can happen if emotion detaches from cognition?

A

horrible outcomes = general decision making

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25
Q

What is Capgras syndrome?

A

disorder where a close friend, relative, or family member is viewed as exact look-like/imposter

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26
Q

What is the main point that Eysenck argues?

A

differences in brain activity explain extraversion and neuroticism

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27
Q

What is the name of the system in the brain that is related to extraversion, researched by Eysenck?

A

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

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28
Q

In the lemon drop test, conducted to see whether an introvert or an extrovert would react more strongly to it, who did?

A

introverts because they have higher cortical arousal

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29
Q

What 2 emotions are centered in the brain?

A
  1. neuroticism
  2. easily aroused emotion
30
Q

In the video, Capgras’ delusional patient, why is the main guy able to recognize his parents on the phone but not in person?

A

the auditory canal from ear to amygdala is not broken but visual to amygdala is

31
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

chemicals allowing 1 neuron to communicate/affect another

32
Q

What are hormones?

A

biological chemicals affecting parts of the body a particular distance from where its produced

33
Q

Which term describes the following? Neurotransmitter in brain that has a role in + positive emotions and responds to awards

A

dopamine

34
Q

What are the 2 traits that dopamine is associated to?

A
  1. extraversion
  2. openness (plasticity)
35
Q

Flexible goal shifting, distractibility, and motivation can be connected with which neurotransmitter?

A

dopamine

36
Q

Which part of the brain and system, BAS or BIS is dopamine related to?

A

nucleus accumbens and BAS

37
Q

What is serotonin?

A

neurotransmitter in brain and has role in regulating emotion and motivation

38
Q

What does the “serotonin hypothesis” talks about?

A

how serotonin is connected to depression and SSRIs (meds)

39
Q

What are 3 traits from the BIG FIVE that serotonin is connected to?

A
  1. conscientiousness
  2. agreeableness
  3. low neuroticism
    => stability
40
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

neurotransmitter in brain + hormone released by adrenal gland because the body is responding to stress

41
Q

What is the name of the hormone that is also known as adrenaline?

A

epinephrine

42
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

neurotransmitter in brain associated with responses to stress

43
Q

What is the name of the hormone that is also known as norepinephrine?

A

noradrenaline

44
Q

What is the key goal of both epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

flight-or-fight response

45
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

hormone affecting women for emotional attachment + calming (tend-and-befriend)

46
Q

What is testosterone?

A

male sex hormone

47
Q

What is estrogen?

A

female sex hormone

48
Q

What is cortisol?

A

glucocorticoid hormones released into bloodstream by adrenal cortex in response to physical or psychological stress

49
Q

Can having a low level of cortisol be detrimental?

A

yes

50
Q

What are behavioural genetics?

A

studying genetic influences on behavioural qualities (personality)

51
Q

What are the 2 main ways to study genetics and personality?

A
  1. twin studies
  2. adoption studies
52
Q

What are twin studies?

A

comparing 2 different twins (MZ or DZ)

53
Q

What is the common average of correlation between MZ twins?

A

0.60

54
Q

What is the common average of correlation between DZ twins?

A

0.40

55
Q

What is the term for the following description? => degree to which variance of trait in pop. can be attributed to variance in genes

A

heritability coefficient

56
Q

What is the heritability coefficient formula?

A

(rmz - rdz) x 2

57
Q

True or False? a heritability coefficient is not sample-dependent and the results can be generalized to other populations

A

false

58
Q

What is the main assumption of a twin studies case?

A

that there is a shared environment between twins

59
Q

What are adoption studies?

A

how adopted children resemble biological parents and adoptive parents

60
Q

When adoption studies are combined with twin studies, we can compare?

A

MZ and DZ twins raised together versus apart

61
Q

Which type of data can also support genetic influence? Borkenau et al. (2001)

A

observational

62
Q

What is molecular genetics? (genomics)

A

relating differences in gene locations to measurable differences among people

63
Q

Genetics can influence neurotransmitters, which influence
personality. What part of personality does DRD4 influence?

A

novelty seeking

64
Q

Genetics can influence neurotransmitters, which influence
personality. What part of personality does ANKK1 (DRD2) influence?

A

impulsiveness/fun-seeking

65
Q

Genetics can influence neurotransmitters, which influence
personality. What part of personality does 5HTTLPR influence?

A

impulse restraint and maybe neuroticism

66
Q

What is the non shared environmental effect?

A

environment is an influence in making twins different

67
Q

True or False: environment influences hereditary coefficient

A

true

68
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

studying heritable phenotype changes not involving alterations in DNA seq.

69
Q

What is methylation?

A

methyl chemical groups attaching on a gene’s promotor region

70
Q

Do epigenetic changes have the ability to be passed down onto the next generation?

A

yes

PSYCH 333 (2 decks)

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