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The Biological Perspective Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of a system does Behavioural Approach System (BAS) fall under?

A

Incentive Approach System

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2
Q

What is the Behavioural Approach System (BAS)?

A

reward-seeking system

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3
Q

What is the name of the system that is also called the “psychological gas pedal?”

A

behavioural approach system

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4
Q

Which part of the brain is activated when we are using the behavioural approach system?

A

left prefrontal cortex

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5
Q

Which part of the brain would be associated with extraversion, in relation to the behavioural approach system?

A

medial orbitofrontal cortex

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6
Q

What is the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)?

A

“stop”/punishment + threat avoidance

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7
Q

Which system is known as the “psychological brake pedal?”

A

behavioural inhibition system

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8
Q

Which part of the brain is mainly activated when one is engaging in the behavioural inhibition system?

A

right prefrontal cortex

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9
Q

What kind of behaviours would someone portray when engaging in BIS behaviour?

A
  • defensive (searching threat cues)
  • pulling back
  • neuroticism
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10
Q

What are the 2 hormones that may be related to BIS behaviour?

A

norepinephrine and GABA

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11
Q

True or False: Approach and Avoidance are known to be a part of the same system and overlap with the same traits

A

False - they’re separate systems + overlap with different traits

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12
Q

Which Big Five trait is avoidance directly related with?

A

neuroticism

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13
Q

Which Big Five trait is approach directly related with?

A

extraversion

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14
Q

What are some problems with the Biological Process perspective?

A
  1. fragmented/incomplete
  2. animal models can’t generalize
  3. multidetermined biological processes
  4. needs validation with non-biological testing
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15
Q

What are some advantages of the biological process perspective?

A
  1. new tech. = new answers
  2. biological processes are important in personality
  3. direct insight into treatments
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16
Q

Where is the amygdala located in the brain?

A

near base

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17
Q

What is the role of the amygdala?

A

emotion (especially negative ones like anger and fear) and motivations

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18
Q

What are the 2 other parts of the brain that the amygdala is connected to?

A
  1. insula
  2. anterior cingulate
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19
Q

How is the frontal lobe divided?

A

left and right into 2 frontal lobes

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20
Q

What are the key features of the frontal cortex?

A
  • cognitive functioning:
  • planning
  • foresight
  • understanding
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21
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

outer layer of cortex
- uniquely human

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22
Q

In terms of the left and right lobe of the brain, which one is associated with withdrawal and which is associated with approach?

A

left: approach
right: withdrawal

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23
Q

What is probable cause of Capgras syndrome?

A

disconnection between amygdala and cortex

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24
Q

What can happen if emotion detaches from cognition?

A

horrible outcomes = general decision making

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25
What is Capgras syndrome?
disorder where a close friend, relative, or family member is viewed as exact look-like/imposter
26
What is the main point that Eysenck argues?
differences in brain activity explain extraversion and neuroticism
27
What is the name of the system in the brain that is related to extraversion, researched by Eysenck?
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
28
In the lemon drop test, conducted to see whether an introvert or an extrovert would react more strongly to it, who did?
introverts because they have higher cortical arousal
29
What 2 emotions are centered in the brain?
1. neuroticism 2. easily aroused emotion
30
In the video, Capgras' delusional patient, why is the main guy able to recognize his parents on the phone but not in person?
the auditory canal from ear to amygdala is not broken but visual to amygdala is
31
What are neurotransmitters?
chemicals allowing 1 neuron to communicate/affect another
32
What are hormones?
biological chemicals affecting parts of the body a particular distance from where its produced
33
Which term describes the following? Neurotransmitter in brain that has a role in + positive emotions and responds to awards
dopamine
34
What are the 2 traits that dopamine is associated to?
1. extraversion 2. openness (plasticity)
35
Flexible goal shifting, distractibility, and motivation can be connected with which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
36
Which part of the brain and system, BAS or BIS is dopamine related to?
nucleus accumbens and BAS
37
What is serotonin?
neurotransmitter in brain and has role in regulating emotion and motivation
38
What does the "serotonin hypothesis" talks about?
how serotonin is connected to depression and SSRIs (meds)
39
What are 3 traits from the BIG FIVE that serotonin is connected to?
1. conscientiousness 2. agreeableness 3. low neuroticism => stability
40
What is epinephrine?
neurotransmitter in brain + hormone released by adrenal gland because the body is responding to stress
41
What is the name of the hormone that is also known as adrenaline?
epinephrine
42
What is norepinephrine?
neurotransmitter in brain associated with responses to stress
43
What is the name of the hormone that is also known as norepinephrine?
noradrenaline
44
What is the key goal of both epinephrine and norepinephrine?
flight-or-fight response
45
What is oxytocin?
hormone affecting women for emotional attachment + calming (tend-and-befriend)
46
What is testosterone?
male sex hormone
47
What is estrogen?
female sex hormone
48
What is cortisol?
glucocorticoid hormones released into bloodstream by adrenal cortex in response to physical or psychological stress
49
Can having a low level of cortisol be detrimental?
yes
50
What are behavioural genetics?
studying genetic influences on behavioural qualities (personality)
51
What are the 2 main ways to study genetics and personality?
1. twin studies 2. adoption studies
52
What are twin studies?
comparing 2 different twins (MZ or DZ)
53
What is the common average of correlation between MZ twins?
0.60
54
What is the common average of correlation between DZ twins?
0.40
55
What is the term for the following description? => degree to which variance of trait in pop. can be attributed to variance in genes
heritability coefficient
56
What is the heritability coefficient formula?
(rmz - rdz) x 2
57
True or False? a heritability coefficient is not sample-dependent and the results can be generalized to other populations
false
58
What is the main assumption of a twin studies case?
that there is a shared environment between twins
59
What are adoption studies?
how adopted children resemble biological parents and adoptive parents
60
When adoption studies are combined with twin studies, we can compare?
MZ and DZ twins raised together versus apart
61
Which type of data can also support genetic influence? Borkenau et al. (2001)
observational
62
What is molecular genetics? (genomics)
relating differences in gene locations to measurable differences among people
63
Genetics can influence neurotransmitters, which influence personality. What part of personality does DRD4 influence?
novelty seeking
64
Genetics can influence neurotransmitters, which influence personality. What part of personality does ANKK1 (DRD2) influence?
impulsiveness/fun-seeking
65
Genetics can influence neurotransmitters, which influence personality. What part of personality does 5HTTLPR influence?
impulse restraint and maybe neuroticism
66
What is the non shared environmental effect?
environment is an influence in making twins different
67
True or False: environment influences hereditary coefficient
true
68
What are epigenetics?
studying heritable phenotype changes not involving alterations in DNA seq.
69
What is methylation?
methyl chemical groups attaching on a gene's promotor region
70
Do epigenetic changes have the ability to be passed down onto the next generation?
yes

PSYCH 333 (2 decks)

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