The Tongue and the Tonsils Flashcards
The majority of the tongue is composed of what muscle.
Skeletal
Functions of the tongue? (9)
food prehension,
water lapping,
sucking,
mastication,
tasting,
swallowing,
grooming,
thermoregulation
vocalisation
The root of the tongue anchors the tongue to ?
Oropharynx
What is the function of the genioglossus m.?
Depress and protrude tongue
What is the function of the styloglossus m.?
Pull tongue caudally
What is the function of the hyoglossis m.?
Retract and depress tongue
Motor function is under the control of what nerve?
hypoglossal n.
What part of the tongue is the most rostral portion and because it is not attached by the frenulum it moves freely.?
Apex
The frenulum consists of a complex arrangement of intrinsic muscles under what nerve control?
Hypoglossal
Function of the frenulum?
Protrude the tongue
Where does the sublingual fold run?
Longitudinally down each side of the frenulum
Which ducts open at the sublingueal caruncle? (2)
Mandibular
Sublingual salivary
Which papillae contain taste buds? (3)
Fungiform,
valate
foliate
What is the role of conical papillae
Grooming
Conical and which other papillae contain no taste buds?
Filifoorm
Taste, pain, heat and sensation are controlled by which nerves? (3)
BRacnhes of trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Which artery (derived from the external carotid artery) and vein runs either side of frenulum and the right and left vessels anastomose throughout the tongue tissue?
Lingual
Due to the tongue vasculature. What are the effects if you disrupt flow through one side of tongue vessel?
Will not significantly affect tongue vascularity.
Which of these papillae contain taste buds?
Fungiform
Filiform
Valate
Foliate
Conical
Fungiform
Valate
Foliate
How common are tongue malformations?
Rare
What is macroglossia?
Excessive tongue size
Which breed may macroglossia be falsely diagnosed in?
Brachyccephalic
What is Ankyloglossia?
The lingual frenulum is abnormally short and thick causing restriction of tongue movement.
Signs of ankyloglossia in dogs? (5)
Difficult suck
Difficult lick
Difficult swallow
Difficult vocalizing
Stunted growth
Which breed has ankyloglossia been seen in?
Anatolian Shepherd Dogs
The most common site of injury is the sublingual area, what can form 2ry to this? (2)
salivary accumulation (ranula)
lingual abscesses
Although rare, what 2 primary neoplasia are more commonly seen in the tongue of a dog? (2)
Malignant melanoma
SCCC
Tongue tumours more common in cats or dogs?
Cats
Clinical signs of tongue neoplasia? (7)
Often no signs (seen by O/vet)
halitosis,
hypersalivation,
oral haemorrhage,
difficulty with prehension
Difficult swallowing of food,
weight loss
Why do rostral tongue tumours have a better prognosis? (2)
- Seen earlier
- Widermargins
Met rate for non-tonsillar SCC
20%
Metastatic rate of melanoma?
Highly metastatic
For tongue hyperplasia that are non-neoplastic. What can be performed?
Local resection
What margins are needed for malignant lingual neoplasia?
More than 1 cm necessary although 2 cm are ideal.
For small tumours or benign neoplasms of the tongue; what removal may be adequate?
Wedge resect
If wedge glossectomy extends more than ?% the width of the tongue, this may affect blood supply to and function of the rostral portion
50
T or F
Margins of 1 cm should be the minimum attempted although 2 cm are better.
T
T or F
The tongue is highly vascular.
T
T or F
Laser excision increases haemorrhage.
False
T or F
For benign neoplasms, wedge resection may be used.
T
The most common complications following radical surgery? (2)
Hypersalivation
Cannot thermoregulate in warm temp
In cats following a glossectomy; what signs are common? (3)
Less able to adapt!
- Inappetence
- Dysphagia
- Poor grooming
The palatine tonsils are contained within the ?
tonsillar fossa
What tissue do palatine tonsils contain?
Lymphoid
Blood to the tonsils is supplied by the ? artery?
tonsillar artery
Where does the tonsillar artery originate from?
Lingual a
In cats, where is the palatine tonsil located?
Same as dogs (tonsillar fossa)
In cats, where is the lingual tonsil located?
Base of tongue
In cats, where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?
on roof of nasopharynx.
In cats, where is the paraepiglottic tonsil located?
located craniolateral to the base of epiglottis.
Role of the tonsil?
To recognise, process and modulate an immunogenic response to antigens entering the oral and nasal cavity.
Where do the efferent lymphatics of the tonsils drain? (2)
To mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes.
What disease is one of the most common causes of enlarged/everted tonsil?
Upper respiratory tract
What breed is enlarged/everted tonsils seen in?
BOAS
What age does primary tonsilitis effect?
Young - <1 year
What is seen on exam with tonsilitis?
Red + friable tonsils
Clinical signs of primary tonsilitis? (6)
Cough
Gagging
Dysphagia
Fever
Depression
Anorexia
How to treat tonsiltis?
Often self limiting
- Analgesia
- ABx (2ry infect)
When is surgery recommended for tonsiltiits?
Recurrent signs
How common is tonsilitis in cats?
Rare
Most common neoplasia of canine tonsils?
SCC
How common and what is the most common tumour of feline tonsil?
RARE
SCC
Met rate of SCC?
Highly
Treatment of tonsil SCC?
Bilateral tonsilectomy
Median survival time of SCC and tonsilectomy?
2mo
Tonsillectomy:
How to approach?
The tonsil is grasped and removed from the tonsillar crypt.
A stay suture is useful to assist with manipulation if necessary.
Tonsillectomy; once held; how to remove?
The base is ligated and transected – bleeding from the tonsillar artery can be a concern so suture ligation or electrocautery are recommended.
How to close tonsillar crypt after tonsillectomy?
The crypt mucosa is closed using 2M (3.0) or 1.5M (4.0) absorbable suture in a continuous pattern.
