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Oral, Pharyngeal and Aural surgery > The Tongue and the Tonsils > Flashcards

The Tongue and the Tonsils Flashcards

1
Q

The majority of the tongue is composed of what muscle.

A

Skeletal

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2
Q

Functions of the tongue? (9)

A

food prehension,
water lapping,
sucking,
mastication,
tasting,
swallowing,
grooming,
thermoregulation
vocalisation

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3
Q

The root of the tongue anchors the tongue to ?

A

Oropharynx

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4
Q

What is the function of the genioglossus m.?

A

Depress and protrude tongue

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5
Q

What is the function of the styloglossus m.?

A

Pull tongue caudally

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6
Q

What is the function of the hyoglossis m.?

A

Retract and depress tongue

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7
Q

Motor function is under the control of what nerve?

A

hypoglossal n.

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8
Q

What part of the tongue is the most rostral portion and because it is not attached by the frenulum it moves freely.?

A

Apex

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9
Q

The frenulum consists of a complex arrangement of intrinsic muscles under what nerve control?

A

Hypoglossal

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10
Q

Function of the frenulum?

A

Protrude the tongue

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11
Q

Where does the sublingual fold run?

A

Longitudinally down each side of the frenulum

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12
Q

Which ducts open at the sublingueal caruncle? (2)

A

Mandibular
Sublingual salivary

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13
Q

Which papillae contain taste buds? (3)

A

Fungiform,
valate
foliate

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14
Q

What is the role of conical papillae

A

Grooming

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15
Q

Conical and which other papillae contain no taste buds?

A

Filifoorm

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16
Q

Taste, pain, heat and sensation are controlled by which nerves? (3)

A

BRacnhes of trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal

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17
Q

Which artery (derived from the external carotid artery) and vein runs either side of frenulum and the right and left vessels anastomose throughout the tongue tissue?

A

Lingual

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18
Q

Due to the tongue vasculature. What are the effects if you disrupt flow through one side of tongue vessel?

A

Will not significantly affect tongue vascularity.

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19
Q

Which of these papillae contain taste buds?

Fungiform

Filiform

Valate

Foliate

Conical

A

Fungiform

Valate

Foliate

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20
Q

How common are tongue malformations?

A

Rare

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21
Q

What is macroglossia?

A

Excessive tongue size

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22
Q

Which breed may macroglossia be falsely diagnosed in?

A

Brachyccephalic

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23
Q

What is Ankyloglossia?

A

The lingual frenulum is abnormally short and thick causing restriction of tongue movement.

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24
Q

Signs of ankyloglossia in dogs? (5)

A

Difficult suck
Difficult lick
Difficult swallow
Difficult vocalizing
Stunted growth

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25
Q

Which breed has ankyloglossia been seen in?

A

Anatolian Shepherd Dogs

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26
Q

The most common site of injury is the sublingual area, what can form 2ry to this? (2)

A

salivary accumulation (ranula)
lingual abscesses

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27
Q

Although rare, what 2 primary neoplasia are more commonly seen in the tongue of a dog? (2)

A

Malignant melanoma
SCCC

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28
Q

Tongue tumours more common in cats or dogs?

A

Cats

29
Q

Clinical signs of tongue neoplasia? (7)

A

Often no signs (seen by O/vet)
halitosis,
hypersalivation,
oral haemorrhage,
difficulty with prehension
Difficult swallowing of food,
weight loss

30
Q

Why do rostral tongue tumours have a better prognosis? (2)

A
  • Seen earlier
  • Widermargins
31
Q

Met rate for non-tonsillar SCC

A

20%

32
Q

Metastatic rate of melanoma?

A

Highly metastatic

33
Q

For tongue hyperplasia that are non-neoplastic. What can be performed?

A

Local resection

34
Q

What margins are needed for malignant lingual neoplasia?

A

More than 1 cm necessary although 2 cm are ideal.

35
Q

For small tumours or benign neoplasms of the tongue; what removal may be adequate?

A

Wedge resect

36
Q

If wedge glossectomy extends more than ?% the width of the tongue, this may affect blood supply to and function of the rostral portion

A

50

37
Q

T or F
Margins of 1 cm should be the minimum attempted although 2 cm are better.

A

T

38
Q

T or F
The tongue is highly vascular.

A

T

39
Q

T or F
Laser excision increases haemorrhage.

A

False

40
Q

T or F
For benign neoplasms, wedge resection may be used.

A

T

41
Q

The most common complications following radical surgery? (2)

A

Hypersalivation
Cannot thermoregulate in warm temp

42
Q

In cats following a glossectomy; what signs are common? (3)

A

Less able to adapt!
- Inappetence
- Dysphagia
- Poor grooming

43
Q

The palatine tonsils are contained within the ?

A

tonsillar fossa

44
Q

What tissue do palatine tonsils contain?

A

Lymphoid

45
Q

Blood to the tonsils is supplied by the ? artery?

A

tonsillar artery

46
Q

Where does the tonsillar artery originate from?

A

Lingual a

47
Q

In cats, where is the palatine tonsil located?

A

Same as dogs (tonsillar fossa)

48
Q

In cats, where is the lingual tonsil located?

A

Base of tongue

49
Q

In cats, where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

A

on roof of nasopharynx.

50
Q

In cats, where is the paraepiglottic tonsil located?

A

located craniolateral to the base of epiglottis.

51
Q

Role of the tonsil?

A

To recognise, process and modulate an immunogenic response to antigens entering the oral and nasal cavity.

52
Q

Where do the efferent lymphatics of the tonsils drain? (2)

A

To mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes.

53
Q

What disease is one of the most common causes of enlarged/everted tonsil?

A

Upper respiratory tract

54
Q

What breed is enlarged/everted tonsils seen in?

A

BOAS

55
Q

What age does primary tonsilitis effect?

A

Young - <1 year

56
Q

What is seen on exam with tonsilitis?

A

Red + friable tonsils

57
Q

Clinical signs of primary tonsilitis? (6)

A

Cough
Gagging
Dysphagia
Fever
Depression
Anorexia

58
Q

How to treat tonsiltis?

A

Often self limiting
- Analgesia
- ABx (2ry infect)

59
Q

When is surgery recommended for tonsiltiits?

A

Recurrent signs

60
Q

How common is tonsilitis in cats?

A

Rare

61
Q

Most common neoplasia of canine tonsils?

A

SCC

62
Q

How common and what is the most common tumour of feline tonsil?

A

RARE
SCC

63
Q

Met rate of SCC?

A

Highly

64
Q

Treatment of tonsil SCC?

A

Bilateral tonsilectomy

65
Q

Median survival time of SCC and tonsilectomy?

A

2mo

66
Q

Tonsillectomy:
How to approach?

A

The tonsil is grasped and removed from the tonsillar crypt.
A stay suture is useful to assist with manipulation if necessary.

67
Q

Tonsillectomy; once held; how to remove?

A

The base is ligated and transected – bleeding from the tonsillar artery can be a concern so suture ligation or electrocautery are recommended.

68
Q

How to close tonsillar crypt after tonsillectomy?

A

The crypt mucosa is closed using 2M (3.0) or 1.5M (4.0) absorbable suture in a continuous pattern.

Oral, Pharyngeal and Aural surgery (10 decks)

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