The Thorax Flashcards
Manubrium depression
Jugular notch
Fossae of manubrium articulates with
Medial end of clavicles (sternoclaviucvlar joint)
Lateral ends of manubrium
Facets, articulate with costal cartilage of 1st rib
Demifacets articulate with costal cartilage of 2nd rib
Sternal angle
Manubrium articulates with body, marks level of 2nd costal cartilage
Articulate facets of body of sternum
Costal cartilages of ribs 3-6
Demifacets 2nd and 7th rib
Tip of xiphoid process at
T10 vertebra
When does the xiphoid process completely ossify?
40
A fracture of several pieces
Comminuted fracture
Sternum fracture
Comminuted fracture. Fragments not usually displaced due to attachment to pectoralis muscles
How many ribs
12 paired bones
Where do the ribs articulate and terminate
Articulate with vertebral column posteriorly
Terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage
Parts of a typical rib
Head (2x articulate facet, one articulating with vertebra above, one articulating with numerically corresponding vertebra)
Neck (tubercle with facet for articulation with transverse process of corresponding vertebra)
Body (costal groove, for intercostal vein/artery/nerve)
Atypical ribs
1,2,10,11,12
Rib 1 shape
Short and wide
2 grooves to make way for subclavian vessels
Rib 1 facets
One facet for articulation with vertebra
Rib 2 shape
Thin and long
Rough area on upper surface (serratus anterior muscle originates)
Rib 2 facets
2 articulate facets
Rib 10 facet
One, articulation with numerically corresponding vertebra
Rib 11/12 shape
No neck
Rib 11/12 facet
One facet, articulation with corresponding vertebra
Costotransverse joint
Between tubercle of rib and transverse costal facet of corresponding vertebra
Costovertebral joint
Between head of rib, superior costal facet of corresponding vertebra and inferior costal facet of vertebra above
Anterior articulation of ribs 1-7
Attach independently to sternum
Anterior articulation of ribs 8-10
Attach to costal cartilages superior to them
Anterior articulation of ribs 11 and 12
Floating ribs. Do not have anterior attachment, end in abdominal musculature
Flail chest
2 or more fractures in 2 or more adjacent ribs, no longer control over thoracic muscles. Impairs full expansion of rib cage affecting oxygen content of blood
Thoracic spine
12 vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs, between cervical and lumbar segment
Demifacets of thoracic vertebrae articulate with
Head of ribs
Costal facets on transverse process of thoracic vertebrae articulate with
Tubercle of ribs T1-T10
Spinous process increases
Protection to spinal cord
Facets on T2-T9
Demi facets
Superior costal facet articulates with
Head of adjacent rib
Inferior costal facet articulates with
Head of rib below
Nose
First site where air is filtered, warmed and moistened
Pharynx
Funnel shaped tube that extends from base of skill to oesophagus
Larynx
Prevents aspiration during swallowing and produces sound
Trachea
Kept open by horseshoe shaped cartilages, anterior to oesophagus
Primary bronchi
Begins at the carina, kept open by horseshoe shaped cartilages
Secondary/lobar bronchi
Supply lung lobes, kept open by plates of cartilage interspersed by smooth muscle
Tertiary/segmental bronchi
Supply bronchopulmonary segments, kept open by small plates of cartilage interspersed with smooth muscle
Bronchiole
Lined by simple ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells, contains smooth muscle but no cartilage
Terminal bronchiole
Lined by simple ciliated columnar epithelium, contains smooth muscle but no cartilage
Respiratory bronchiole
Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium, has a few alveoli extending from the lumen
Alveolar sac
Clusters of alveoli
Alveolus
Smallest structure of respiratory tract, designed for gas exchange
