Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SP15 Anatomy > The Thoracic wall, lungs and middle mediastinum > Flashcards

The Thoracic wall, lungs and middle mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the thorax?

A
  1. breathing (all of the tissues, mm., nn., aa., must be flexible to allow for movement)
  2. Protection (of the lungs, heart as well as superior abdominal organs like the liver)
  3. conduit for the esophagus, trachea and aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is the thorax broken up?

A

2 pleural cavities (for each lung) and a central mediastinum cavity
the central mediastinum is broken into a superior portion (above the sternal angle) and an inferior portion. The inferior portion is broken into a anterior (small), middle (for the heart) and posterior mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the aortic arch is in what portion of the thorax?

A

the superior mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is the sternal angle?

A

is between the attachment of the 2nd rib and the 4 and 5th vertebral body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

explain the shape of the thorax

A

cylindrical with the apex going down into a large base
the inferior appature follows the curvature of the rib cage and (anterior is more superior) and the superior appature is much smaller with TI, first rib and costal cartilage, and manubrium as its boundary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where can you take pulmonary and cardiac ascultations?

A

at the sternal angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the bones of the thoracic cavity?

A

T1-12 vertebrae
12 ribs
sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

parts of the sternum

A

manubrium, body and xiphoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

manubrium

A

contains clavicular notch for sternoclavicular joint (for SCM) and jugular notch that you can palpate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

body of the sternum

A

joins the manubrium at the sternal angle (demifacets for the 2nd rib here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Xiphoid process of the sternum

A

lowest point of the sternum

**joint ossifies (no flexibility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

parts of the rib

A

head, tubercle, body (angle of the rib) and costal groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is another name for the sternal angle?

A

angle of louis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the head articulate with?

A

2 vertebral bodies and 1 disc posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the tubercle articulate with?

A

1 transverse process of the vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is the angle of the rib important?

A

because this is where the vessels in the intercostal space will split

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the costal groove of the rib formed by?

A

intercostal v., a. and n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the superficial pectoral region of the thoracic wall

A

breasts are superficial - made of secretory glands and superficial fascia
(the secretory glands will lead to ducts to sinuses to lactiferous ducts to the nipple)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the nn. superficial pectoral region

A

lateral and anterior nn. of the 4th to 6th intercostal nn.

**caries general (cutaneous) sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the lymph drainage of the superficial pectoral region?

A 
parasternal and axillary nodes
axillary nodes (on the right) will go to the right jugular lymphatic trunk to drain into the subclavian/ IJV angle
**important for breast cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the vessels for the superficial pectoral region?

A

branches coming from the internal thoracic vessels (off subclavian) to the 2nd to 4th thoracic intercostal spaces (will perforate the mm. to come superficial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the mm. of the pectoral region of the thoracic wall?

A

pec major and minor

attach from UL to anterior chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pec major mm.

A

divided into 2(or 3 heads) - sterno/costal and clavicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the fascia that surounds pec minor mm.

A

clavipectoral fascia

**helps to cushion the neurovascularture and separate the 2 pec mm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the orientation of the external intercostal mm. fibers?
in the pocket
26
what is the orientation of the internal intercostal mm. fibers?
thumbs out of the pocket
27
what is the transversus toracis mm. attached to?
the xyphoid process and the body of the sternum (looks like a fan)
28
what are the mm. of the anterior thoracic wall that are best seen on the deep surface of the thoracic wall when the chest plate is taken off?
``` intermost intercostal subcostal (expands 2 ribs and more lateral) transversus thoracis (on the anterior portion) ```
29
what are the mm. that elevate the ribs?
external intercostal and serratus posterior superior
30
what are the mm. that depress the ribs?
internal intercostal, subcostal, transversus thoracis, intermost intercostal and serratus posterior inferior
31
what mm. of the abdomen does intermost intercostal replicate?
transversus abdominus mm.
32
what happens to the ribs and diaphragm during inspiration?
ribs raise, diaphragm depresses (expansion)
33
what happens to the ribs and diaphragm during expiration?
ribs depress, diaphragm elevates (shrinkage together)
34
where are the neurovascular bundles in the intercostal space?
collaterals above each rib and intercostals in the costal groove along the inferior border of each rib * *between the internal and innermost intercostal mm. * ***V, A, N with vein always closest to the bone
35
where do the posterior intercostal a./ v. come from?
a. off the descending aorta and v. drains into the azygous
36
where do ribs 1-2 get posterior intercostal supply?
supraclavicular, thyrocervical trunk or costocervical trunk (too high for the aorta)
37
what are the difference in ribs?
ribs 1-7 are true (direct connections to sternum through cartilages) ribs 8-12 are false (each other then connect to the sternum) and 11-12 are floating
38
visceral and parietal pleura
each lung gets its own pleural cavity (potential space) which is between the visceral (around the lung) and parietal (adheres to thoracic wall) **parietal is sensitive to pain from intercostal and phrenic nerves
39
what is the difference between the hilum and the root of the lung?
the hilum is DEEPER in the lung and contains the opening to the actually lung tissue and the root is the opening of the CT of the pleural cavity
40
does the visceral pleura follow the fissures of the lung lobes?
yes
41
what are the regions of the parietal plura?
cervical, costal, diaphramatic and mediastinal
42
why is it a problem with the pleural cavity becomes an actual cavity?
fluid can fill and compress the lungs. This leads to the loss of the respiratory membrane and surface area for effective breathing
43
pneumothorax
accumulation of air in the pleural cavity, collapse of lung due to elasticity
44
hemothorax
accumulation of blood in pleural cavity, adhesions due to sticky blood proteins
45
inflammation of the pleura
-formations of pleural adhesions between parietal and visceral pleura that can cause a lot of pain
46
where do you want to do a pleural tap? (thoracentesis)
(aspire fluids) | superior to inferior rib at midaxillary line and between ICS 6 and 7 to avoid invasion of other structures
47
what are the fissures in the lungs?
oblique: separates the upper and lower in the L and the lower and middle on the Right horizontal: separates the middle and upper lobes on the the right
48
what is the depression on the inferior surface of the lungs?
diaphragm
49
what are the depressions on the Right lung from?
SVC, IVC, esophagus, azygous vein and r. subclavian
50
what are the depressions on the left lung from?
aortic arch, descending aorta, L. subclavian and esophagus
51
Root of the lung
connects the lung to the mediastinum covered in a sleeve of pleura that extends down has the bronchi and pulmonary vessels in it
52
pulmonary ligament
inferior sleeve of the root of the lung pleura empty, collapsed, doesn't contain anything except a few lymph nodes allows for the expanse of lungs against the mediastinum during breathing
53
in the root of the lung, what are the positions of the entering structures?
bronchi: post/sup pulmonary artery: ant/sup pulmonary vein: inferior
54
carina
the inferior extent of the trachea at its bifrucation
55
what is important about segmental bronchi?
supplied by br. of the pulmonary a. (smallest funcitonal independent region of the lung
56
sympathetic neurovasculature of the root of the lungs
``` sympathetic trunk (chain gang) runs paravertebrally to contribute to ant and post pulmonary plexus -dilates bronchioles ```
57
parasympathetic innervation of the root of the lungs
vagus n. passes posterior to the root of the lungs closely applies to the trachea, esophagus and aorta, contributes to ant. and post. pulmonary plexus -constricts the bronchioles
58
phrenic n.
passes anteriorly to the root of the lungs (more closely adhered to the pericardial sac on the the right)
59
pericardiophrenic vessels
run with the phrenic nn. | branches of internal thoracic aa. and brachiocephalic vv.
60
bronchial aa.
supplies the nutrient to the bronchi (does not take part in gas exchange for oxygen)
61
lymph vessels and nodes of the lungs
lymph from lungs drain into the tracheobronchial nodes and R/L bronchomediastinal trunks
62
what is important about the mediastinal subdivisions?
anatomical, not clinical
63
Middle mediastinum
houses pericardium, heart, phrenic nn., pericardiophrenic vessels and roots of the great vessels to and from the heart
64
pericardium
tough fibrous sac (the addition to the normal) that attaches inferiorly to the diaphragm to allow the hear to move when the diaphragm does. Then there is a parietal serous membrane, a pericardial cavity and then a visceral (epicardium) serous membrane
65
what pierces the pericardium?
SVC, IVC, aorta, pulm trunk and 4 pulm vv. | **8 vessels
66
pericardial effusion
accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity, results in compression of the heart, common in congestive heart failure
67
hemopericardium
- accumulation of blood in the pericardial cavity - caused by heart wounds, perforated heart mm. following a MI, coronary anuerism (not aortic anuerism because thats normally in the aortic arch or desc. aorta not the ascend. aorta) - leads to cardiac tamponade * *(ESF does not lead to clots, but blood does)
68
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart and roots of the great vessels
69
pericardial sac
complete inner pericardial serous membrane (parietal and visceral layers)

SP15 Anatomy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions