Gross Exam II Flashcards
What are the three major cavities and their lines of demarcation?
Thoracic- deep to rib cage above the diaphragm
abdominal - diaphragm to pelvic inlet
pelvic - pelvic inlet down
If you want to organize the abdomen into quadrants what are the two lines crossing the body?
vertically is the median plane from the xyphoid process to the pubic symphysis and horizontally is the transumbilical plane
What are the lines that divide the abdomen to make the 9 regions of the abdomen?
2 midclavicular planes (right and left), subcostal plane and intertubercular plane
What are the names of the 9 regions of the abdomen?
R & L hypochondrium Epigastric region R & L flank Umbilical region R & L groin Pubic Region
What is the purpose of dividing the abdomen into 9 regions?
regions are important clinically for patients describing pain and for the viscera in the regions
From superficial to deep what are the layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
skin, campers fascia, scarpa fascia, external oblique muscle, internal oblique m., transversus abdominis m., transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat and finally parietal peritoneum
** all of the mm. have investing fascia
What is the difference in campers vs. scarpa fascia?
campers fascia is a fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue that is variable from person to person with vessels flowing throughout whereas scarpa fascia is a “thicker” membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue
What direction do the external oblique mm. fibers run?
superior/lateral to inferior/medial (hands in the pocket)
What direction do the internal oblique mm. fibers run?
90 degrees to the ext. oblique mm. fibers
inferior/lateral to superior/medial
What direction do the transversus abdominis mm. run?
same direction as the internal oblique mm. fibers (inf/lat to sup/med)
What muscles insert on the linea alba?
external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis mm.
** all go into respective aponeurosis
What gives people the “6 pack” appearance?
the tendinous intersections between each of the rectus abdominis mm.
What mm. does the rectus sheath envelope?
rectus abdominus and pyramidalis mm. (superior to rectus abdominus but can’t see and perform same action)
Where is the line of demarcation in the rectus sheath?
arcuate line
**midway between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis
What is in the anterior and posterior layer of the rectus sheath SUPERIOR to the arcuate line?
anterior - ext. oblique and half the int. oblique aponeurosis
posterior - half int. oblique and transversus abdominus aponeurosis and transversalis fascia
What is in the anterior and posterior layer of the rectus sheath INFERIOR to the arcuate line?
anterior - EO, IO and TA aponeurosis
posterior - transversalis fascia
What is the median umbilical fold?
- infraumbilical peritoneal fold in ant. abdominal wall
- from urinary bladder to the umbilicus
- covers the median umbilical ligament
- remnant of the fetal urachus
what are the medial umbilical folds?
- infraumbilical peritoneal fold in the ant. abdominal wall
- covers the medial umbilical ligaments
- occluded portions of umbilical aa.
what are the lateral umbilical folds?
- infraumbilical peritoneal fold in the ant. abdominal wall
- covers the inferior epigastric vessels (**useful vessel)
What are the superficial arteries contained in campers fascia?
superficial circumflex illiac (inguinal ligaments) and superficial epigastric aa. (abdomen inferior to umbilicus)
-both comes from the femoral a.
What are the superficial veins contained in campers fascia?
superficial circumflex illiac (inguinal ligaments) and superficial epigastric vv. (abdomen inferior to umbilicus)
-both drains into the femoral v.
Where does the external illiac a. change its name?
passing under the inguinal ligament to the femoral a.
Deep circumflex illiac vessels
- br. of external illiac
- runs between the IO and TA
- supplies inferior/lateral ab mm.
- *veins and arteries similarly placed
Inferior epigastric vessels
- br of the external illiac
- enters the posterior rectus sheath at the arcuate line
- supplies lower rectus abdominus mm.
- anastomoses with sup. epigastric
- *veins and arteries similarly placed