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Anatomy: Thorax and Neck > The Thoracic cage, lungs and pleural cavities > Flashcards

The Thoracic cage, lungs and pleural cavities Flashcards

1
Q

How are the true ribs connected to the sternum?

A

By Costal Cartilages

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2
Q

How many true ribs are there?

A

Seven pairs of true ribs

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3
Q

How do the false ribs attach to the rib cage?

A

The costal cartilages of ribs 8-10 fuse together and merge with the cartilages of rib pair 7

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4
Q

where are the origins of the external intercoastal muscles?

A

Inferior border of each rib

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5
Q

Where are the insertions of the external intercoastal muscles?

A

superior border of the rib below

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6
Q

What is the action of the external intercostal muscles?

A

elevate ribs (increase thoracic volume)

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7
Q

What is the innervation of the external and internal intercostal muscles?

A

intercostal nerves T1-T11

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8
Q

How many external intercostal muscles are there?

A

11 pairs

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9
Q

what is the origin of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

superior border of each rib

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10
Q

what is the insertion of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

inferior border of the preceding rib

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11
Q

What is the action of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

Depress Ribs

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12
Q

What is the third type of intercostal muscle called?

A

deeper internal intercostal muscle

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13
Q

What part of the nervous system are the intercostal nerves a part of?

A

somatic nervous system

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14
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

it is part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles

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15
Q

The Intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions of which spinal nerves?

A

The first 11 thoracic spinal nerves

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16
Q

where does the 1st intercostal nerve join to?

A

brachial plexus

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17
Q

what do the first six intercostal nerves innervate (in relation to intercostal space)?

A

skin, parietal pleura, intercostal muscle, serratus posterior muscle

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18
Q

what do the seventh to eleventh intercostal nerves innervate (in relation to intercostal space)?

A

skin, pariteal peritoneum, anterior abdominal muscles including: external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus, rectus abdominus

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19
Q

What is the blood supply of the intercostal muscles?

A

Internal Thoracic artery- they descend lateral to the sternum on either side behind the costal cartilages

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20
Q

What is the internal thoracic artery a branch of?

A

The Subclavian Artery

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21
Q

What branches does the internal thoracic artery give off?

A

Anterior and Posterior Intercostal arteries

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22
Q

how many branches of the anterior intercostal artery are there?

A

12 branches (12 pairs of ribs)

23
Q

Each intercostal space contains what arteries?

A

1 posterior and 2 anterior intercostal arteries

24
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

The lungs and heart; associated organs of the respiratory, cardovascular and lymphatic systems. Also contains the inferior portions of the oesophagus and thymus

25
Q

What does the Thoracic cavity divide into?

A

Mediastinum, left and right pleural cavity

26
Q

the right and left pleural cavities surround the right and left lungs, what does the Mediastinum contain?

A

Trachea, Oesophagus and other major vessels. It extend from the sternum anteriorly to the vertebrae posteriorly.

27
Q

What is the pleura and what does it do?

A

shiny, slippery serous membrane which reduces friction as the lung expands and recoils during breathing

28
Q

What is the pleura divided into?

A

the visceral and parietal pleura

29
Q

What does the parietal pleura cover?

A

covers the mediastinal surface and the inner body wall

30
Q

What does the visceral pleura cover?

A

covers the outer surface of the lung, extends into the fissure between the lobes

31
Q

What is Mediastinum?

A

A membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ

32
Q

What are the lungs suspended from the mediastinum by?

A

The lung root

33
Q

What does the Hilum of each lung contain?

A

bronchus, 2 pulmonary veins and a pulmonary artery

34
Q

The lung is connected to the mediastinum by one structure, what is it?

A

Hilum

35
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

three

36
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have?

A

two

37
Q

Describe the lobes and fissures of the right lung

A

superior, middle and inferior lobe. With an oblique and horizontal fissure, the horizontal fissure divides the superior and middle lobe whilst the oblique fissure divides the inferior lobe from the superior and middle lobe.

38
Q

Describe the lobes and fissure of the left lung

A

superior and inferior lobe. with an oblique fissure. The left lung also has a cardiac notch to accommodate the pericardial cavity.

39
Q

where is the surface landmark for the apex of the lung?

A

in the neck 3cm above the medial third of the clavicle

40
Q

Where are the parietal and visceral pleura connected?

A

The hilum of the lung

41
Q

What is the bronchus?

A

passageway leading into the lungs, conducts air into the lungs.

42
Q

Where does the trachea divide into the right and left bronchus?

A

tracheal bifurcation, at the level of the sternal angle and the fifth thoracic vertebra

43
Q

what are the main differences between the right and left bronchus?

A

The right bronchus is more vertical, wider and shorter (food is more likely to get stuck down it). The left is smaller and longer in length. The right main bronchus enters the right lung at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra whereas the left enters the lung at the sixth thoracic vertebra.

44
Q

What are the three surfaces of the lungs?

A

Costal surface, mediastinal surface, diaphragmatic surface

45
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

skeletal muscle which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Contracts to enlarge the thoracic cavity snf decrease pressure when breathing

46
Q

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

A

CIII, CIIII, CV keeps the diaphragm alive! the phrenic nerve.

47
Q

what other effects does the diaphragm have apart from enlarging the thoracic cavity?

A

if the glottis is open air is drawn into the lungs.

Blood is drawn from the inferior vena cava into the right atrium

48
Q

Where is the lower extent of the lung (surface anatomy)?

A

6th rib anteriorly, 8th rib mid-axillary line, 10th rib posteriorly

49
Q

What is ‘intercostal recession’?

A

in patients with extreme breathlessness they may need to use accessory muscles to generate much lower pressure within the thorax during inspiration and much higher pressure on expiration. There pressures can sometimes overcome the intercostal muscles which causes the intercostal spaces to suck in during inspiration- this is intercostal recession and is an important sign of respiratory distress.

50
Q

where are the oblique fissures (surface landmarks)?

A

sixth rib, mid-clavicular line

51
Q

where is the horizontal fissure of the right lung (surface landmarks)?

A

fourth costal cartilage to rib five mid-axillary line

52
Q

where are the superior lobes (surface landmarks)?

A

Anterior: 2nd intercostal space mid clavicular line
Posterior: Between C7 and T3

53
Q

Where are the inferior lobes (surface landmarks)?

A

Anterior: 6th intercostal space mid-axillary line
Posterior: between T3 and T10

54
Q

Where is the middle lobe (surface landmark)?

A

4th intercostal space mid-clavicular line

Anatomy: Thorax and Neck (6 decks)

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