The Third Crusade Flashcards
Why was the Third Crusade called?
(The Situation in the East)
- The Fall of Jerusalem in 1187
- The threat to Outremer’s continued existence
- The Christians had been pushed back to Tyre
- The rise of Saladin
- The rise of the Jihad movement
Why was the Third Crusade called?
(Papal Ambition)
- To extend papal influence/authority
- To heal rifts in Europe (Genoa and Pisa)
- To unite the churches after a schism with Byzantium in 1180
Why was the Third Crusade called?
(Religious Conviction)
- Saladin was persecuting Christians in the East (Jacob’s Ford massacre in 1179)
- Re-direct knightly violence and the wars of the European kings
- To restore the religiosity of Europe, through an act of penance to God
Who called the Third Crusade?
Gregory viii (8th)
What was the papal bull for the Third Crusade?
‘Audita Tremendi’
Why did people join the Third Crusade?
(Economic Reasons)
- The promise of a steady income
- Potential loot and land to be gained
- It was highly expensive to go on crusade, however (‘The Saladin Tithe’)
Why did people join the Third Crusade?
(Religious Reasons)
- Full indulgence
- An act of penance to God
- The power of the preaching campaign (Archbishop Joscius of Tyre and Henry of Albano)
- ‘Audita Tremendi’ focused on the remission of sins and penance to God
- Reclaim the holy city of Jerusalem
Why did people join the Third Crusade?
(Social Reasons)
- Feudal obligation
- Family ties (Frederick Barbarossa HRE was a descendant of Conrad iii)
- Richard went to fulfil his vows to Henry ii
- Richard went to aid Guy of Lusignan, who was also in the Angevin family
- Frederick Barbarossa went to prove the might and strength of the Holy Roman Empire
- Chivalric notions were growing at this time
Why did the Third Crusade fail?
(A lack of clear aims)
- The decision (by Richard) to attack Jerusalem twice.
- The French army returned to Acre and Tyre after Richard did not attack Jerusalem for a second time
Why did the Third Crusade fail?
(Poor leadership)
- Philip’s army was much smaller and less-equipped than Richard’s
- Richard and Philip were fighting and squabbling (The marriage of Philip’s sister to Richard)
- Richard was heavily implicated in Conrad’s death
Richard spent 10 weeks gathering money and resources in Sicily in 1190 - Angevin vs. Capetian rivalries
- The lack of manpower (Frederick’s death in 1190 had saw many desert the crusade)
Why did the Third Crusade fail?
(Muslim unity)
- The rise of Saladin (and Nureddin in earlier years)
- Saladin’s destruction of the fortification at Ascalon
- The rise of Jihad and the unification of Islam
Why did the Third Crusade fail?
(Byzantine hostility)
- Manuel’s death in 1180 left the anti-Latin, Andronikos Konmenos, on the throne
- Isaac captured Richard’s first arrivals on Cyprus
- Isaac captured Frederick Barbarossa’s first envoys
- Richard captured Cyprus due to the Byzantine Hostility
- Isaac gave the German crusaders free passage through Turkey in 1191, however
What were the consequences of the Third Crusade?
(Western Europe)
- Had been extremely costly, despite not achieving much
- Re-ignited zeal for crusading in the West
- Richard’s death in 1999 prevented him from returning to the East to attempt to retake Jerusalem once again
What were the consequences of the Third Crusade?
(The Latin East)
- Jerusalem had not been gained
- The coastline from Acre to Jaffa had been recaptured (Ruled by Henry of Champagne) , as well as Cyprus (Ruled by Guy of Lusignan)
- A truce with Saladin in 1192 allowed free passage for Pilgrims to the East
What were the consequences of the Third Crusade?
(The Islamic Empire)
- Saladin’s death in 1193 saw the division of his empire between his sons
- A power struggle arose in the Islamic Empire
- There were very few attacks on Outremer due to the divisions in the Muslim world
