1149-1187

Question 1

The Battle of Inab

Answer 1

1. 1149
2. Nureddin vs. Raymond of Antioch
3. Raymond was killed
4. Nureddin was victorious against the Franks
5. Joscelin was imprisoned and blinded soon after, despite agreeing to a peace treaty with Nureddin

Question 2

Baldwin iii’s military skill

Answer 2

1. Took Ascalon from the Fatimids in 1153
2. Defeated his mother in the civil war in 1153
3. Raided land around Damascus whilst Nureddin was ill, in 1157
4. Took back Harim in 1158
5. Built the castle of Gaza in 1150

Question 3

Baldwin iii’s military defeats

Answer 3

1. Failed to prevent the loss of Edessa in 1144
2. Failed to take Damascus on the Second Crusade, in 1148
3. Failed to take Shaizar in 1158

Question 4

Baldwin iii’s political victories

Answer 4

1. Married Theodora in 1158
2. He stabilised Antioch
3. He stabilised Tripoli
4. He made the Fatimids pay 160,000 gold dinars annually after he captured Ascalon

Question 5

Baldwin iii’s political defeats

Answer 5

1. He failed to prevent a marriage between Maria and Manuel in 1161
2. He caused divisions in Jerusalem, regarding his mother and the nobility

Question 6

Help from the west from 1149-1187

Answer 6

1. Thierry of Flanders came to the East in 1157, and helped Baldwin iii to relieve a Muslim blockade at Krak des Chevaliers
2. Thierry of Flanders returned to the East in 1164, but ultimately had no impact
3. Henry iii was busy expanding his Angevin Empire into France, so provided little help at this time
4. Archbishop Frederick of Tyre issued ‘Inter Omnia’, asking for people to come to the East themselves, rather than just by sending money and donations
5. There was a lack of pilgrims, due to the legacy of the Second Crusade, and many people simply sent donations to the East instead

Question 7

The Byzantine Empire from 1149-1187

Answer 7

1. Manuel i sent supplies to Amalric i for a joint attack on Egypt in 1169
2. The Battle of Myriokephalon in 1176 severly weakened the Byzantine Empire, leading to a lack of aid going to Outremer and the crusading states of the East.
3. Manuel i died in 1180, and his son (Alexios ii) was usurped by the firmly anti-Latin, Andronikos Komnenos
4. Baldwin married the Byzantine priness, Theodora in 1158
5. Manuel married Maria of Antioch in 1161, much to Baldwin iii’s displeasure
6. Reynald of Chatillon attacked and looted Cyprus in 1156, which horrified both Manuel i and Baldwin iii.

Question 8

Amalric i’s military skill

Answer 8

1. The Battle of al-Buqaia (1163)
2. Led 5 campaigns against Egypt between 1163 and 1170, holding Alexandria briefly in 1167

Question 9

Amalric i’s military defeats

Answer 9

1. 4/5th of his attempts on Egypt failed
2. He failed to prevent Outremer becoming surrounded by the Islamic Empire
3. Saladin took over Egypt in 1169

Question 10

Amalric i’s political victories

Answer 10

1. He solved a potential succession crisis in 1163, by annulling his first marriage
2. He stabilised Antioch

Question 11

Amalric i’s political defeats

Answer 11

1. Caused divisions in Jerusalem
2. He failed to ally with the assassins in 1173.

Question 12

Nureddin’s use of jihad

Answer 12

1. Built at least 40 madrasas
2. Wore plain clothes
3. Never made himself rich at the expense of his people
4. Used jihad to develop prosperity in his lands
5. He undertook the Hajj in 1161

Question 13

Nureddin’s military victories

Answer 13

1. The Battle of Inab (1149)
2. Harim (1164)

Question 14

Nureddin’s rise in Syria

Answer 14

1. The Second Crusade forced Damascus into an alliance with Nureddin
2. The Conquest of Mosul in 1170. Nureddin took control after the death of his brother, Saif-ad Din
3. He was victories at Inab in 1149, and later removed the threat of Joscelin ii of Edess, by having him imprisoned and blinded

Question 15

Nureddin’s rise in Egypt

Answer 15

1. The Egyptian Vizier appealed to Nureddin for help
2. Nureddin sent his general, Shirkuh, to aid Shaizar, in 1163, and then again in 1163
3. Shirkuh became the Vizier in 1167
4. Following Shirkuh’s death, Saladin became the Vizier in 1168
5. By 1174, it was clear that Saladin was growing independent from Nureddin

Question 16

When did Nureddin die?

Answer 16

1174, aged 56

Question 17

What was the legacy left by Nureddin?

Answer 17

Many of his achievements are overshadowed by his successor, Saladin. However his importance in Islamic response is undeniable

Question 18

Saladin’s military victories

Answer 18

1. Jacob’s Ford (1179)
2. Horns of Hamah (1175)
3. Hattin (1187)

Question 19

Saladin’s military defeats

Answer 19

1. Montgisard (1177)
2. Failed attempts on Krak des Chevaliers (1184)(1185)

Question 20

Why did Jerusalem fall in 1187?
(Muslim Unity)

Answer 20

1. The rise of Saladin
2. The rise of jihad
3. The unification of Islam

Question 21

Why did Jerusalem fall in 1187?
(Christian Weaknesses)

Answer 21

1. Baldwin iv came to the throne aged 13
2. Baldwin iv was a leper, and his condition was worsening
3. Baldwin iv was victorious at Montgisard in 1177
4. Factionalism in Jerusalem, between the ‘Old Nobility’ and the ‘Court Party’. Raymond was forbidden entry into Jerusalem in 1182 due to the escalated situation

Question 22

Why did Jerusalem fall in 1187?
(A lack of external aid)

Answer 22

1. Andronikos Komnenos was firmly anti-Latin (1180-82)
2. The Battle of Myriokephalon in 1176 had left the Byzantine Empire severely weakened
3. Manuel sent supplies to Amalric in 1169
4. Manuel married Maria of Antioch in 1161
5. Baldwin iii married Theodora in 1158
6. Henry was busy expanding his Angevin Empire in France
7. Thierry of Flanders helped Baldwin iii relieve a Muslim blockade at Krak des Chevaliers in 1157
8. Thierry’s return to Outremer in 1164 ultimately led to nothing